Marlowe comprehends the fallacy of racism Essay

Marlowe comprehends the fallacy of racism - Essay Example It is evident that Marlow witnesses inhuman slavery exercised by the whites that comprehensively alters his ideologies and beliefs within the society. He states â€Å"A slight clinking behind me made me turn my head. Six black men advanced in a file, toiling up the path. They walked erect and slow balancing small baskets full of earth on their heads. I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on their neck and al; were connected together with a chain.† (Conrad 38) Consequently, he says that slaves are identical to animals. This implies that he dislikes Africans regardless of their worth that may be highlighted using diverse approaches. It is evident from the excerpt that slaves are comparable to animals as apparent in the words describing them. It is true that Africans suffer from dehumanization under the control of Europeans leading to de-motivation. The description of this inequality is apparent in striking facial expr essions. This implies that Europeans have conditioned the Africans to disregard the situation. An instance that shows cruelty among Africans is apparent when Marlow meets a neatly dressed accountant. However, his outlook contrasts with Africans surrounding him because they appear frail. Marlow tries to befriend the accountant by spending a significant proportion of time conversing with him on how Africans are inferior. One day while Marlow was conversing with the accountant, a helpless African moaned in pain, an act that agitated Marlow and the accountant. The accountant claims, â€Å"When one has got to make correct entries, one comes to hate those savages to death† (Marlow 48). Surprisingly, Marlow agrees with the accountant’s remarks highlighting his negative attitude towards Africans. Moreover, Marlow and the accountant were unconscious of the horrific situation surrounding them. These persons exhibited immoral tendencies as apparent in their attitude towards Afric ans around them because they believed that such persons were interfering with their culture. This example reveals the indifference amongst whites with regard to the suffering of Africans. This indifference means that the European’s motivation to colonize Africa was not only to gain power and improving culture, but also making money at the expense of Africans. Apparently, the whites forgot their human morals and driven by greed, they treated Africans as animals (Conrad, 87). This novel strongly reveals the malice that Africans experienced under the control of whites. Readers begin comprehending the behavior of whites that appears insensitive especially in Marlow’s encounter with the doctor prior to his expedition in Africa. The doctor wanted to examine Marlow’s skull and inquire fundamental aspects regarding previous mental illness within the family. He seems insensitive regarding Africans and continues to tell Marlow that only an insane individual would desire t o visit Africa, highlighting the extent of disregard for the stature of Africans within the society. The main intention of measuring Marlow’s skull is to notice if there would be any notable difference upon return. It is apparent from such a proclamation that the doctor undermines Africans life when he tells Marlow that the Europeans

Assessment and assessment techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment and assessment techniques - Essay Example The difference between both of the variables permits progress in teaching interactions. Students who attend their Montessori school sessions are more critical to identify and improve. Class room assessment is a tangled task which is to be performed by the teachers however it is very much useful as it provides numerous instrumental techniques to get the students’ performance improved in varied senses. It is more critical because of admitted correlation amidst learning and assessment. It is as closer as lessons and examination. To have better results in final examination and learning objectives, students are intended to get passed through simulations so that they can be able to perform accordingly. Plan for day to day formative assessment for infant school children has been devised here. It is being justified as per contemporary practices as well based on children psychology. Planning for a formative strategic plan for infant school (or Montessori) children is very critical and difficult. It is because children in this age are unaware of communicating their views properly. On the other hand, children psychologists refer it as a simplest phase of human development because children of three to five years are in continuous learning phase. They are completely dependent upon their parents and teacher for every aspect of study and life. They are easy to mould and adjust in any milieu. However teachers find it difficult to conduct assessment sessions with them in order to take verbal feedback from them because feedback cannot be taken in direct manner. They are required to design assessment surveys and questionnaires which further elaborate the actual scenario of what they have learnt so far. Following steps are devised to outline a plan comprising day to day formative assessment strategies for infant school children. 1. Questioning Questions are asked from children in order to get their beginning points and related to performance indicators. Applicable questions are asked in chronological order from lower to higher degree of their understanding. The questions are designed according to their capabilities in simpler mode of communication. The nature of questions differ in comparative manner for all ages of children. 2. Observations After questioning, it comes the turn of observations. It provides cohesive linkers to connect and find the relationship between answered given in response to certain questions. Teacher is directed to watch the activities of children in order to observe to what extent they are implementing their learning. It is also helpful for moral training for children which was intended to make a part of syllabus. 3. Discussion It is disguised way to observe the activities and mindset of children through two way interactive discussion sessions. It is very important because it gives a chance to clearly discuss the problems which are to be addressed. In the milieu of Montessori children’s education, teachers are required t o synthesize interactions among students and themselves. 4. Reviewing understanding After discussion sessions, it is advised to engage the children in such activities which can elucidate their academic understanding of what they have learnt earlier in class rooms. It basically implies to practical approach of theory taught to the pupil. It may include planned or unplanned recall events which can give a feedback to teacher regarding what was planned for class room learning. In such recall tests, a teacher may

Terrorism in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Terrorism in Pakistan Essay When analyzing the worlds current situation concerning terrorism, it is difficult to say whether the global war on terrorism has been a successful one. Since the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Centers in New York City, George Bush, former president of the United States, vowed to defeat terrorism. Eight years later, this promise has yet to be fulfilled, and even with the help of many countries globally, the threat of terrorism is still evident more then ever, which questions whether the global war on terror is succeeding. Moreover, to entirely grasp the subject, one must be familiar with the definition of terrorism and it can be defined as an act of violence or threatened violence intended to spread panic in a society, and to bring about political change. Terrorists do not necessarily live in their native states, they also migrate to neighboring countries, and countries abroad and often go undetected. The logistics and man power it takes to combat terrorism is immense, and it seems more evident that the global war on terrorism is not succeeding due to essentially three factors. First, that The United States has created a terrorist haven in the Middle East. Second, international support for the global war on terrorism is decreasing. Third, terrorism has been on the constant increase since September 11, 2001. On March 19, 2003, former American President George W. Bush announced to the world that the United States and the United Kingdom would be invading Iraq. He stated that this military operation was designed to â€Å"disarm Iraq, free its people and to defend the world from grave danger.† America had seen Iraq to be a major threat against world peace as well as a â€Å"breeding ground for terrorists†, and that it had to eliminate this threat before they could attack again. On March 20, 2003, a day after President Bushes address, The United States and the United Kingdom began their invasion of Iraq. Although the invasion was intended to disarm Iraq from any weapons of mass destruction, it was also aimed at uncovering and eliminating any terrorist organizations within the country since several United States officials accused Hussein of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks. In fact, no weapons of mass destruction were ever found and it was discovered that there was â€Å"no direct connection between Saddams Iraq and al-Qaeda.† Furthermore, while there was no concrete connection between Iraq and terrorism, the United  States and the United Kingdom decided to remain in Iraq and liberate its people. Moreover, attacks on troops were being carried out daily and Iraqis say that these attacks were being made by â€Å"organized forces motivated by nationalism, Islam and revenge that feed off public unhappiness.† Instead of creating a more liberal and safe Iraq, what the United States and United Kingdom had done was essentially bring more violence and terrorist activity to the country. Prior to the United States and United Kingdoms occupation, the people of Iraq were not able to speak their minds, but what they did have was security and the basic amenities to get through the day. After the occupation had taken place, the Iraqi people to this day â€Å"fear being attacked in their bedrooms; power, water, and telephones are routinely unavailable.† Shiites, which are a branch of Islam, supported the removing of Saddam Hussein from power, but got increasingly hostile towards the United States and United Kingdoms occupation of their country. This hostility resulted in the creation of religious extremists within Iraq which â€Å"have told western reporters that they are prepared to carry out martyrdom operations if and when they receive orders to do so.† The United States and United Kingdom invasion of Iraq had not only increased religious extremism in the country, but it was also used as a â€Å"recruitment tool by al-Qaeda and other groups.† The head of Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia, Saad al-Faqih, said that â€Å"images of American soldiers and tanks in Baghdad are deeply humiliating to Muslims.† This humiliation is one of man y things that tends to trigger deep anger for American and British forces occupying Iraq, and ultimately creates terrorists. However, some argue that the occupation of Iraq was essential in the global fight against terrorism. Former President George W. Bush stated that if the United States and the United Kingdom had not invaded Iraq, terrorists would not be idle. He goes on to say that â€Å"they would be plotting and killing [people] across the world and within [American] borders. By fighting these terrorists in Iraq, Americans in uniform are defeating a direct threat to the American people.† Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom also agreed with Bushs comments stating â€Å"There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that what is happening in Iraq now†¦is crucial for the security of the world.†

Improving Concordance to Smoking Cessation Treatment

Improving Concordance to Smoking Cessation Treatment National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2009) identified that medicine taking is a complex human behaviour that lies ultimately, in the hands of the patient. NICE (2009) estimates that between a third and a half of all medicines prescribed are not taken as recommended and Dunbar-Jacob et al (1995) evaluates that up to 80 per cent of patients can be expected not to comply with their treatment at some time. Shuttleworth (2006) noticed that health professionals use two terms to describe the medicine taking behaviour of patients: compliance and respectively adherence. Compliance represents the extent to which a persons behaviour coincides with the medical advice, for example patients to do as they are told (Haynes et al, 1979) while adherence is the capacity of the patient to self-regulate his or her treatment, for example his or her ability to re-fill prescriptions (Brock, 2000). Medicines Partnership (2003) argue that in both compliance and adherence patients have a passive role, with no implication in their care and therefore concordance is needed to correct issues of non-compliance and non-adherence. Concordance advocates the idea of shared decision-making between health professionals and patients and it requires health professionals to engage with patients as partners, taking into account their beliefs and concerns (Medicines Partnership, 2003). NICE (2009) insists that the biggest challenge of the research of concordance is how to influence and change behaviour and this is where health psychology comes in. According to Marks and Evans (2005) health psychology attempts to move away from a linear model of health that treats only the physical, to a model that treats the whole person including his or her behaviour. In this essay the author will critically discuss how knowledge of health psychology can help nurses improve concordance with treatment in smoking cessation treatment. The idea promoted is that smoking is a behaviour influenced by the patients beliefs; the nurse will explore the patients beliefs on smoking and will help the patient to make an informed decision regarding her treatment. Patient X will be used as an example to observe behaviour change. The Stages of Change Model and other theories from health psychology will also be discussed. Discussion: Health Development Agency (2004) estimates that smoking is the greatest single cause of preventable illness and premature death in the UK, being responsible for more than 106,500 deaths each year. Approximately 4000 chemical compounds have been identified in the cigarette smoke, of which 40 are known to cause cancer (McEwen et al, 2006). Among these compounds tar was linked to cancer, lung disease and heart disease; carbon monoxide (CO) was also identified as an inevitable consequence of the combustion that takes place while smoking (Tyler, 1995); furthermore, nicotine was found in cigarettes, however nicotine is not connected to cancer but with the addiction process. According to the RCPÂ  [1]Â  (2000) nicotine meets all criteria used to define a drug of dependence and Wilkinson et al (2004) reasons that this makes smoking not a habit but an addiction. In the light of these, nurses face a real challenge when trying to improve patients concordance with smoking cessation treatment. However, NIHÂ  [2]Â  (2008) urges that most patients are ready to hear and receive help from nurses as the patients willpower alone has been shown to succeed in only 3 per cent cases of smoking cessation (McNeill et al, 2001). The following scenario will be used to exemplify a nurses action and use of health psychology knowledge in helping improve a patients concordance with smoking cessation treatment: Patient X is a bank manager. She has been a smoker for ten years. She is married and has one child age 5. She doesnt want to stop smoking because smoking calms her nerves, because it is not a good time and because she is afraid of withdrawal symptoms and gaining weight. The nurse will use the Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model to assess patients X motivation. The model was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982 to examine the five stages of change in addictive behaviours. According to Odgen (2009) the model is dynamic, not linear, with individuals moving backwards and forwards across the stages. The first stage of the model is Pre-contemplation. Patient X was identified as being in this stage because she is not interested in quitting. McGough (2004) points out that sometimes beliefs are used to sustain unhealthy behaviours, for example cigarettes calm my nerves, as patient X claims. To address such health beliefs and her resistance to change, the nurse will use a consciousness raising exercise, respectively she will address patient X reasons for not quitting and give counterpoints to refute these reasons (Perkins, Conklin and Levine, 2007; Kaufman and Birks, 2009). For example, patient X states that it is not the right time; the nurse can address this by saying, Im concerned about your health and I would like you to consider quitting. I know its going to be difficult because it will interfere with life responsibilities however, the perfect time to quit may never come therefore this moment is as good to quit as any (Perkins, Conklin and Levine, 2007; Hollis et al, 2003; Rana and Upton, 2009). TMAÂ  [3]Â  (2008) suggests that such message can prove more effective than a lecture about the lung cancer however the nurse can have a stop smoking handout to give to the patient as well. This interaction with the patient must be kept as patient-centred as possible to improve concordance with treatment (Walker, J et al, 2007). Balint et al (1970) as cited in Rena and Upton (2009) suggest that being patient-centred should involve the asking and receiving of questions and information which result in patients understanding of the health information and the treatment proposed. An accurate assessment of patient X within this stage will generate a strong treatment plan, therefore improved concordance (Straub, 2006; Brock, 2000). Furthermore, the nurse will convey warmth, understanding, acceptance and respect for the patient; this will help develop a fundamental nurse-patient relationship that is seen as a contributing factor to the patients concordance with the treatment regimen (Rana and Upton, 2006; Donohue and Levensky, 2006). By learning that smoking is not good for her health patient X will move to the second stage of the Stages of Change Model called Contemplation. The patient is now aware of the health risks that smoking entails and contemplates the idea of quitting (Perkins, Conklin and Levine, 2007). At this stage motivational interviewing can be used by the nurse to allow the patient to discover her own internal motivating factors in the favour of quitting; examples of factors can be: my five year old child will grow in a smoke free environment or I will have less changes of getting cancer (Ogden, 2009; NIHÂ  [4]Â  , 2009). Furthermore, the nurse can suggest that patient X writes down as a reminder I lose these benefits every day that I do not quit smoking (Connors, Donovan and DiClemente, 2004). Moreover, the nurse can help patient X identify the pros and cons of smoking cessation treatment (Hollis et al, 2003). According to the Health Belief Model (HBM) (Rosentock, 1974 as cited in Rana and Upton, 2009) by weighing the pros and cons of treatment, people arrive at a decision of whether the perceived benefits (e.g. NRTÂ  [5]Â  ) outweighs the perceived barriers (e.g. being afraid of the side effects of NRT). Moreover, patient X is concerned that she may gain weight upon quitting. By still using the HBM the nurse can help the patient decide whether the perceived benefits of quitting (e.g. improved health) outweighs the perceived barriers (e.g. gaining weight) (Perkins, Conklin and Levine 2007). The HBM is a social cognition model that has been applied to understand adherence behaviour in patients. This model suggests that the likelihood that someone will engage in a given health behaviour (e.g. adherence) is a result of four functions: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and cues to action (Rena and Upton, 2009). In an argument against HBMs application to smoking cessation, Robinson and Beridge (2003) state that weighing pros and cons of smoking cessation treatment is not a reliable approach because the smoking behaviour is underlined by addiction, so that it operates outside conscious awareness and it does not follow decision-making rules. Perkins, Conklin and Levine (2007) agree that the motivational intervention used in the contemplation stage may push the person into the third stage of the Stages of Change model, called Preparation. The patient is now determined to make a change. Both the nurse and patient X will share a decision making over preparation strategies; the outcome of this partnership will be a patient-centred, tailored plan that will improve adherence. For example, a nicotine patch may indeed help patient X to quit smoking, but a patient Z who not only has nicotine patches but also told his family and colleagues (especially those who smoke) about his quit attempt and ask for their support, is likely to be more successful than someone who relies on nicotine patches and willpower alone because social support enhances the likelihood of adherence (TMA, 2009; McEwen et al, 2006; Medicines Partnership, 2003). Furthermore, patient X will be encouraged to set a quit date. The chosen date should be of significance for the patient so she can feel motivated to adhere to the treatment (Gross and Kinnision, 2007). Moreover, the nurse may suggest behavioural changes such as clearing the house of all cigarettes and lighters (Marinker and Shaw, 2003). Patient X will also be educated to recognize withdrawal symptoms and will be given tips on how to resist cravings (e.g. keep busy, eat fruits, sip water, call a helping friend); patient X will be re-assured that withdrawal symptoms last 2-4 weeks and reduce gradually; also, the nurse must introduce patient X to medication that can help reduce the severity of the withdrawal discomfort, such as NRT and Bupropion (McEwen et al, 2000). According to NICE (2009) the information about medication should be written to serve as a reminder at any stage of the treatment. Moreover, the patient will be shown how to use nicotine patches and gums because in this stage specific skills rather than motivation alone are needed to facilitate concordance with treatment (Gross and Kinnison, 2007; Thomason, Parahoo and Blair, 2007). Furthermore, the nurse will answer any questions that the patient may have regarding medication. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society (1997) as cited in Rana and Upton (2009) suggests that how individuals perceive and think about medication (medication belief) is important when considering treatment adherence, therefore the nurse should be aware of patients X medication beliefs if she wants to break the barrier of non-adherence to treatment. Patient X is now considered ready to move into the penultimate stage of the Stages of Change Model called Action. At this stage, the nurse must provide on-going support to prevent the patients relapse. The nurse is encouraged to be honest with patient X about the likelihood of reverting to the old behaviour once the change process has started, not because the nurse expects patient X to fail, but because it normalizes the experience and takes away some of sense of failure and shame (Singer, 2009). The nurse will also monitor patient Xs CO and saliva cotinine to confirm abstinence and boost motivation (Haskard-Zolnierek and DiMatteo, 2010). According to the Foundation for Blood research (2010) many patients may not be truthful when answering questions about their smoking behaviour, therefore tests such as measuring the amount of nicotine in saliva and the amount of carbon monoxide levels in the patients expired air can be useful to compare self-reported smoking behaviour against real measurements. In an argument against this, Riemsma et al (2003) state that there is no evidence that moving an individual closer to the action stage actually results in a sustained change of behaviour at a later date. After approximately six months in the action stage patient X will move to the last stage of the Stages of change model, the maintenance stage. The nurse will praise the patient for the efforts made to change the unhealthy behaviour into a healthy one. This will make the patient feel self-efficient and have confidence to maintain the behavioural changes done in the quitting process (Odgen, 2009; NIH 2009). Self-efficacy is a term introduced by Bandura (1997) as a cognitive mechanism underlying behavioural change. According to this theory, efficacy determines whether coping behaviour is initiated and maintained when faced with obstacles (e.g. nicotine cravings) (DiClemente, 1981). Furthermore, the nurse can also write down essential tips to help patient X maintain concordance with treatment, such as do something else instead of smoking, keep yourself busy, avoid tempting situations and stick with your effort to quit, you can do it (Johnson et al, 1999; NIH, 2009). Conclusion: To review, within this essay the author highlighted the ideas that knowledge of health psychology can be used to understand the patients smoking related health beliefs and also, improved concordance with smoking cessation treatment can be achieved by involving the patient as partner in care.

Surgical Treatment For Morbid Obesity Essay -- Overweight Obese Resear

According to the World Health Organization, globally there are now more than 1 billion overweight adults, and at least 300 million of them are obese. During the last 40 years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. There are more obese people each year, and the severity is increasing. In the United States alone, 300,000 deaths are associated with obesity. Thesis: Many obese people fail diet after diet. For them, bariatric surgery is an option even though risks are involved (Flancbaum, et al. 7; Goodman par 3; â€Å"The Weight† par 2). Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obesity is climbing the charts as being a major killer of our population. This paper informs the reader on how bariatric surgery treats the severely obese. Focus is given on who should have bariatric surgery, how the surgery works, risks of bariatric surgery, and what the patient can expect. Bariatric surgery is reserved for people who have been unable to lose weight on professionally managed weight-loss programs and those with obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, or the risk of them. When surgery is an option for weight loss   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best candidates for bariatric surgery are patients who have a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, or 35 or greater and associated obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and sleep apnea (see figure 1.1, pg 8 & table 1, pg 6). In terms of pounds, qualifying for surgery estimates to being 100 pounds above ideal body weight. A patient must have also gone through some sort of organized weight loss program in the past, and failed to maintain weight loss (Flancbaum, et al.15). How surgery promotes weight loss Gastrointestinal surgery for obesity, also called bariatric surgery, alters the digestive process. The operations promote weight loss by closing off parts of the stomach to make it smaller. These procedures are referred to as restrictive procedures because they cut down on the amount of food the stomach can hold. These types of procedures are less common due to the complications involved (Flancbaum, et al. 27, 52). The most popular operations combine stomach restriction with a partial bypass of the small intestine. These procedures create a direct connection from the stomach to the lower segment of the small intestine, literally bypassing portions of the digestive tract that absorb calories and nutrients. These are known as malabsorp... ... relation to BMI* BMI  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obesity Category  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health Risks Without Medical Problems  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health Risks With Medical Problems Below 19  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Underweight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimal 19-24  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Normal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  None  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimal 25-29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overweight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate 30-34  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obese  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High 35-39  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Severely Obese  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very High 40-49  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morbidly Obese  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very High  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extreme 50+  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Super Obese  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extreme  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Extreme * Classification based upon World Health Organization; see The Doctor’s Guide to Weight loss Surgery. Table 2: Weight Loss Surgery on Obesity-Related Conditions Condition  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Improved  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Completely Resolved Type II diabetes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  93 percent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  89 percent Hypertension  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  90 percent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  66 percent Abnormal blood lipids  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  85 percent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70 percent Sleep apnea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  72 percent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40 percent See The Doctor’s Guide to Weight Loss Surgery. Table 3: Complications after Weight Loss Surgery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RYGB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBG Protein-calorie malnutrition  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 Micronutrient & vitamin deficiency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10-20 percent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flancbaum L, Belsley S, Drake V, Colarusso T, Tayler E J Gastrointest Surg. 2006 Jul-Aug; 10(7):1033-7.

Historia del Flamenco - Spanish Essay :: Papers Espagnol Essays

Historia del Flamenco - Spanish Essay La mà ºsica flamenca empezà ³ con una voz y unas palmas, y mà ¡s tarde se incorporà ³ la guitarra. Es sà ³lo en este siglo cuando se introdujo el zapateo. Hoy en dà ­a, las tres principales herramientas del flamenco son el cante, la guitarra y el baile. Casi todos los estilos o palos flamencos pueden interpretarse con o sin baile, habiendo bailes sin cante y temas puramente vocales, "a cappela". Hoy, el flamenco tiene muchas caras y es ejecutado de mà ºltiples maneras. En el flamenco moderno es comà ºn el uso de algunos instrumentos mà ¡s, como el bajo elà ©ctrico, normalmente sin trastes (tal como comenzà ³ a usarlo Carlos Benavent) y el cajà ³n. El cajà ³n es un instrumento de percusià ³n peruano que, con ligeras modificaciones, introdujo Paco de Lucà ­a y su grupo, y consiste en una caja de madera con un panel frontal suelto que se toca sentado sobre ella y que se adapta muy bien al flamenco porque no tiene una afinacià ³n determinada y proporciona un sonido sin armà ³nicos muy seco. El nuevo flamenco, etiqueta con la que se agrupan las formaciones jà ³venes menos preocupadas por el purismo y mà ¡s interesadas en la mezcla de mà ºsicas, incorpora saxos, flautas, violonchelos, violines o el sitar, e innumerables instrumentos de percusià ³n como los bongos, las congas de sudamà ©rica, la darbuka y el djembe indios, etc. El uso de baterà ­as, sintetizadores y guitarras elà ©ctricas es menos habitual. El flamenco es una de las mà ºsicas mà ¡s peculiares y reconocible de Europa. Las raà ­ces del flamenco se formaron recogiendo influencias de muy diversos orà ­genes: podemos encontrar en esta mà ºsica aportaciones hindà ºes, à ¡rabes, judà ­as, griegas, castellanas, etc. Cà ³mo llegaron a fundirse en el flamenco las aportaciones de tantas culturas es una larga e interesante historia llena de leyendas y malinterpretaciones. Los Gitanos del sur de Espaà ±a crearon esta mà ºsica dà ­a a dà ­a desde su

Free Trade and Fair Trade

Free Trade and Fair Trade All over work places and school campuses around the world you can be sure to find cocoa, coffee and certain other products that are labeled â€Å"free trade,† but is fair trade the same as free trade? â€Å"Free† and â€Å"fair† are powerful, often abused words when applied to the concept of trade. I will attempt to clarify the differences between free and fair trade, show how they may overlap, and the beneficial in each system. Deliberate trade benefits both the buyer and the seller. The benefits in excess of costs are the gains from trade.An efficient society maximizes the gains from trade by wisely using human, natural and capital resources. Political processes redistribute these gains to promote or reduce equity. Free trade means that anyone can trade with anyone else. Property rights are typically maintained, but government intervention in markets are minimal at best, (Wetzel). The fairness of this trade depends on the amount of com petition between buyers and sellers. For example, products price rises when there are few sellers and many buyers. In this case, sellers gained because they have â€Å"market power†.With few buyers and many sellers, the price falls; buyers use their market power to gain. Fair Trade is about more than just paying a fair wage. It means that trading partnerships are based on equal benefits and mutual respect; that prices paid to producers reflect the work they do; that workers have the right to organize; that national health, safety, and wage laws are enforced; and that products are environmentally sustainable and conserve natural resources, (Codey). When trade is freed, competition increases, market power falls and gains distributed more evenly. Numerous buyers and sellers in the farmer’s market reduce bargaining power.Seller competition pushes price down; buyer competition holds them up. Free trade can be fair trade, but agreements that open some markets to powerful pro ducer where they can use their market power, while keeping others closed and uncompetitive, are neither free nor fair. Free trade and fair trade can provide important benefits to participants. Free trade is benefit by all those involved, especially the large multination corporations. It helps nations develop the best economic policies for their citizens. Companies willing to meet consumer demand for several items will look for the cheapest resources or goods to increase supply.Nations engaging in free trade allow companies to import resources or goods from international countries with no government restrictions or tariffs. Governments placing restrictions or tariffs on imported goods often increase a cost of doing business in the domestic economic market, (Mathews 2009). Free trade can help nations improve job opportunities in the economic market. Meanwhile, fair trade provides favorable economic opportunity for those smallholder farming families able to join producer organizations and provide products of the right specifications for the market.Fair trade improves health, education, and agricultural development in the community. Finally, free and fair trade is somehow important to participants that are involved. However clarifying the different between free and fair trade, show how they may overlap, and the beneficial in each system is the main context of this essay. Codey, Scott & Embry, Mary. â€Å" Fair Trade Resource Network. † Education and Discussion to Mark Trade Fair. 1999. 05 Oct. 2012 Mathews, Tony. â€Å"Enhancing the Global Linkages of Cooperatives: The Fair Trade Option. † 2009. 05 Oct. 2012. Wetzel, Doug. â€Å"Fair V. S. Free Trade. † 1999-2012. 05 Oct 2012.