The Heresy Of Galileo Essay Example For Students

The Heresy Of Galileo Essay ? THE HERESY OF GALILEOGalileo was condemned by the Inquisition, not for his own brilliant theories, but becausehe stood up for his belief in Copernicuss theory that the earth was not, as the Church insisted, thecenter of the universe, but that rather, the universe is heliocentric. Galileo was a man oftremendous intellect and imagination living in a era dominated by the Catholic Church, whichattempted to control the people by dictating their own version of reality. Any person whopublicly questioned Church doctrine ran the chance of condemnation and punishment. If mancould think, man could question, and the Church could lose its authority over the masses. Thiscould not be tolerated in the 17th century, when the Church had the power to dictate reality. Copernicus probably avoided a similar fate by confining his opinions to his students and theuniversity milieu, and in fact his theories were not published until the time of his death. We will write a custom essay on The Heresy Of Galileo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To be tried by the Inquisition was something that nobody could take lightly. Although inGalileos time the Inquisition was becoming more and more lenient, it was known to have usedtorture in the past and to have sent many heretics to burn at the stake. As late as 1600, this fatehad befallen the Italian thinker Giordano Bruno, a one-time Dominican friar who had adopted apantheistic philosophy of nature. From the summer of 1605, Galileo was private tutor of mathematics to young PrinceCosimo de Medici, son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Teacher and pupil became sincerelyattached to each other by mutual affection and deference, and this bond lasted to the end ofGalileos life. Galileo remained a good friend of the Grand Duke as well. In the summer of 1611,the Grand Duke invited Galileo to a dinner party at his court. The Duke liked to gather greatscholars around him, especially when he had illustrious guests, to hear them talk about issues ofinterest to the learned world. At this dinner the discussion centered on floating bodies. Galileomaintained that bodies can float only if their specific gravity is less than that of water. Among thedinner guests there were, however, some followers of Aristotles philosophies, and they arguedthat bodies float if their shape is wide and smooth so they cannot cut through the resistance of thewater. Floating bodies were a topic on which Galileo was especi ally knowledgeable, as he hadbeen interested in the subject since, when as a student, he had read Archimedes. He was able tosupport his point so brilliantly that one of the guests of honor, Maffeo Cardinal Barberini, sidedwith him. Years later, Cardinal Barberini became Pope Urban VIII and turned against Galileo,becoming one of his bitter enemies, but at that moment he was as congenial as one could be,sincerely admiring Galileos dialectical skill. Perhaps to please the Cardinal, the Grand Dukeasked Galileo to put his argument into writing, which he did. The result was The Discourse onFloating Bodies. Galileos sharp, almost sarcastic wit made him especially suited to arguments and debates,of which he was to have many in the following years. Some of these resulted in famous writingsthat added to his lasting glory; many antagonized people of his time and turned many of them intoenemies. The Peripatetics at the Grand Dukes table were not very dangerous as potential enemies,but his next adversary was. Even before the Discourse on Floating Bodies was published in1612, Galileo was engaged in a conflict with an astronomer whose name he did not know and wasnot to find out for over a year the Jesuit father Christopher Scheiner (1575-1650). In 1610,Galileo had claimed to be the first discoverer of sunspots; so had Father Scheiner, and the twohad entered into a bitter dispute. Father Scheiner had communicated his opinions on hisobservations of sunspots in several letters to Mark Welser, a German patron of science. Perhapsto avoid direct criticism, Scheiner wrote under a pen name. Mark Welser published Scheinersletters and sent them to Galileo for comment without revealing the name of the author. .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 , .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .postImageUrl , .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 , .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:hover , .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:visited , .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:active { border:0!important; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:active , .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842 .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84a6b80062d5037f48a4f7d0c24b7842:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Geography of Art EssayGalileo replied in three Letters on Sunspots addressed to Welser (in Italian, whichScheiner could not read and had to have translated, while Scheiner had not written in his nativeGerman, but in Latin). In his letters, Galileo severely criticized Scheiners views. The greatest significance of these Letters on Sunspots, as far as the Church wasconcerned, was that for the first time in print Galileo had openly endorsed Copernicuss theory asa reality and not as a mere hypothesis, and that he had used his own discoveries as proofs in favorof Copernicanism. Just as important, he had unwittingly antagonized a Jesuit, the first of many. The Jesuits were powerful in the Church, and in particular they were advisers on educationalmatters. It was unfortunate indeed that so many of them sooner or later should withdraw theirprevious friendship, respect, or even indifference toward Galileo to pass into the enemy camp. The trouble, however, initially came from other quarters. In 1613, Galileo learned fromFather Benedetto Castelli, one of his most beloved pupils, that in the course of a discussion at thecourt of Tuscany, the dowager Grand Duchess, Christina de Lorena, had taken the stand that theearth could not move because its motion would contradict the Holy Scriptures. Galileo decided that the time had come to explain his views on the relations betweenscience and faith. He did this in his Letter to Castelli, which he sent, in manuscript copies, notonly to his pupil Castelli, but also to several friends. Soon afterward, in his Letter to the GrandDuchess Cristina, he elaborated what he had written to Castelli. It was lofty and solemn andshowed that Galileos faith in nature and its laws went side by side with his faith in God. Itcontains passages which are among Galileos most beautifulToday, these views are widely shared and officially recognized by the Church. In fact, in1893, Pope Leo XIII wrote a paper which presented the churchs official point of view concerningthe relationships between science and scripture; this statement cannot be distinguished fromGalileos. Even in Galileos time, the highest authorities of the Church did not call his letters toCastelli and Cristina into question; but some in the Church did criticize them. To these few whohad l ittle understanding of new developments in science, Galileos writings seemed an outsidersinterference in religious matters. A Dominican friar denounced the Letter to Castelli to theInquisition. Another Dominican, Father Tomaso Caccini, who had once been disciplined for beinga scandal-maker, preached a sermon against Galileo in the popular church of Santa MariaNovella in Florence. He concluded by saying that mathematics was an art of the devil, thatmathematicians were the source of all heresies and should be ousted from all countries. Shortlyafterward, he too testified against Galileo before the Inquisition. Although there was secrecy surrounding the Inquisition, Galileo became aware of whatwas going on in Rome and decided his presence was needed there. He was warmly welcomedand stayed at the Villa Medici, the Tuscan embassy, on the Grand Dukes order. Although hisfriends strongly advised against it, Galileo immediately resumed his campaign in favor ofCopernicus through intense talks and discussions with almost everyone of importance in Romeand through several new writings. In fact, several cardinals did their best to persuade him to keepquiet in public about Copernicus, regardless of his private belief, but Galileo could not bedeterred. Ultimately, the Inquisition never really questioned the theological views that Galileo hadexpressed in his letters; and he was able to clear himself of charges of heresy and blasphemyconcerning the nature of God. The Inquisition, however, did denounce Galileo for his defense ofCopernicuss theories, and on order of the Pope, admonished Galileo that he was not to hold,teach, or defend the condemned opinion of Copernicus. A few days later, Copernicuss book, DeRevolutionibus, which had been dedicated to a Pope, and which the Pope had accepted, and withwhich the Church had found no fault until Galileo had started to present it as reality, wascondemned and prohibited until it should be corrected. Yet, the Roman Catholic Church hadtaken no action against Copernicuss books or his ideas until Galileo undertook his campaign toconvert the theologians. At the hands of Galileo, the heliocentric system threatened thegeocentric and, much more serious, Gods creation was becoming an object of direct humanobservation which could be interpreted without the help of the Scriptures or of religion. In short,Galileo was condemned because he could not keep his opinions to himself and could not resist thetemptation to expose the ignorance, deceit, and manipulation of the powerful religious leaders ofthe time. .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d , .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .postImageUrl , .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d , .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:hover , .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:visited , .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:active { border:0!important; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:active , .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2222b04f945ed9c76d5a9fb3ad9310d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about The Secret Life of Bees Movie Review EssayHistory Essays The Heresy Of Galileo Essay Example For Students The Heresy Of Galileo Essay ? THE HERESY OF GALILEOGalileo was condemned by the Inquisition, not for his own brilliant theories, but becausehe stood up for his belief in Copernicuss theory that the earth was not, as the Church insisted, thecenter of the universe, but that rather, the universe is heliocentric. Galileo was a man oftremendous intellect and imagination living in a era dominated by the Catholic Church, whichattempted to control the people by dictating their own version of reality. Any person whopublicly questioned Church doctrine ran the chance of condemnation and punishment. If mancould think, man could question, and the Church could lose its authority over the masses. Thiscould not be tolerated in the 17th century, when the Church had the power to dictate reality. Copernicus probably avoided a similar fate by confining his opinions to his students and theuniversity milieu, and in fact his theories were not published until the time of his death. We will write a custom essay on The Heresy Of Galileo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To be tried by the Inquisition was something that nobody could take lightly. Although inGalileos time the Inquisition was becoming more and more lenient, it was known to have usedtorture in the past and to have sent many heretics to burn at the stake. As late as 1600, this fatehad befallen the Italian thinker Giordano Bruno, a one-time Dominican friar who had adopted apantheistic philosophy of nature. From the summer of 1605, Galileo was private tutor of mathematics to young PrinceCosimo de Medici, son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Teacher and pupil became sincerelyattached to each other by mutual affection and deference, and this bond lasted to the end ofGalileos life. Galileo remained a good friend of the Grand Duke as well. In the summer of 1611,the Grand Duke invited Galileo to a dinner party at his court. The Duke liked to gather greatscholars around him, especially when he had illustrious guests, to hear them talk about issues ofinterest to the learned world. At this dinner the discussion centered on floating bodies. Galileomaintained that bodies can float only if their specific gravity is less than that of water. Among thedinner guests there were, however, some followers of Aristotles philosophies, and they arguedthat bodies float if their shape is wide and smooth so they cannot cut through the resistance of thewater. Floating bodies were a topic on which Galileo was especi ally knowledgeable, as he hadbeen interested in the subject since, when as a student, he had read Archimedes. He was able tosupport his point so brilliantly that one of the guests of honor, Maffeo Cardinal Barberini, sidedwith him. Years later, Cardinal Barberini became Pope Urban VIII and turned against Galileo,becoming one of his bitter enemies, but at that moment he was as congenial as one could be,sincerely admiring Galileos dialectical skill. Perhaps to please the Cardinal, the Grand Dukeasked Galileo to put his argument into writing, which he did. The result was The Discourse onFloating Bodies. Galileos sharp, almost sarcastic wit made him especially suited to arguments and debates,of which he was to have many in the following years. Some of these resulted in famous writingsthat added to his lasting glory; many antagonized people of his time and turned many of them intoenemies. The Peripatetics at the Grand Dukes table were not very dangerous as potential enemies,but his next adversary was. Even before the Discourse on Floating Bodies was published in1612, Galileo was engaged in a conflict with an astronomer whose name he did not know and wasnot to find out for over a year the Jesuit father Christopher Scheiner (1575-1650). In 1610,Galileo had claimed to be the first discoverer of sunspots; so had Father Scheiner, and the twohad entered into a bitter dispute. Father Scheiner had communicated his opinions on hisobservations of sunspots in several letters to Mark Welser, a German patron of science. Perhapsto avoid direct criticism, Scheiner wrote under a pen name. Mark Welser published Scheinersletters and sent them to Galileo for comment without revealing the name of the author. .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd , .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .postImageUrl , .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd , .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:hover , .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:visited , .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:active { border:0!important; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:active , .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12c803ecc4125c2cb358d23337f654bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Respect EssayGalileo replied in three Letters on Sunspots addressed to Welser (in Italian, whichScheiner could not read and had to have translated, while Scheiner had not written in his nativeGerman, but in Latin). In his letters, Galileo severely criticized Scheiners views. The greatest significance of these Letters on Sunspots, as far as the Church wasconcerned, was that for the first time in print Galileo had openly endorsed Copernicuss theory asa reality and not as a mere hypothesis, and that he had used his own discoveries as proofs in favorof Copernicanism. Just as important, he had unwittingly antagonized a Jesuit, the first of many. The Jesuits were powerful in the Church, and in particular they were advisers on educationalmatters. It was unfortunate indeed that so many of them sooner or later should withdraw theirprevious friendship, respect, or even indifference toward Galileo to pass into the enemy camp. The trouble, however, initially came from other quarters. In 1613, Galileo learned fromFather Benedetto Castelli, one of his most beloved pupils, that in the course of a discussion at thecourt of Tuscany, the dowager Grand Duchess, Christina de Lorena, had taken the stand that theearth could not move because its motion would contradict the Holy Scriptures. Galileo decided that the time had come to explain his views on the relations betweenscience and faith. He did this in his Letter to Castelli, which he sent, in manuscript copies, notonly to his pupil Castelli, but also to several friends. Soon afterward, in his Letter to the GrandDuchess Cristina, he elaborated what he had written to Castelli. It was lofty and solemn andshowed that Galileos faith in nature and its laws went side by side with his faith in God. Itcontains passages which are among Galileos most beautifulToday, these views are widely shared and officially recognized by the Church. In fact, in1893, Pope Leo XIII wrote a paper which presented the churchs official point of view concerningthe relationships between science and scripture; this statement cannot be distinguished fromGalileos. Even in Galileos time, the highest authorities of the Church did not call his letters toCastelli and Cristina into question; but some in the Church did criticize them. To these few whohad l ittle understanding of new developments in science, Galileos writings seemed an outsidersinterference in religious matters. A Dominican friar denounced the Letter to Castelli to theInquisition. Another Dominican, Father Tomaso Caccini, who had once been disciplined for beinga scandal-maker, preached a sermon against Galileo in the popular church of Santa MariaNovella in Florence. He concluded by saying that mathematics was an art of the devil, thatmathematicians were the source of all heresies and should be ousted from all countries. Shortlyafterward, he too testified against Galileo before the Inquisition. Although there was secrecy surrounding the Inquisition, Galileo became aware of whatwas going on in Rome and decided his presence was needed there. He was warmly welcomedand stayed at the Villa Medici, the Tuscan embassy, on the Grand Dukes order. Although hisfriends strongly advised against it, Galileo immediately resumed his campaign in favor ofCopernicus through intense talks and discussions with almost everyone of importance in Romeand through several new writings. In fact, several cardinals did their best to persuade him to keepquiet in public about Copernicus, regardless of his private belief, but Galileo could not bedeterred. Ultimately, the Inquisition never really questioned the theological views that Galileo hadexpressed in his letters; and he was able to clear himself of charges of heresy and blasphemyconcerning the nature of God. The Inquisition, however, did denounce Galileo for his defense ofCopernicuss theories, and on order of the Pope, admonished Galileo that he was not to hold,teach, or defend the condemned opinion of Copernicus. A few days later, Copernicuss book, DeRevolutionibus, which had been dedicated to a Pope, and which the Pope had accepted, and withwhich the Church had found no fault until Galileo had started to present it as reality, wascondemned and prohibited until it should be corrected. Yet, the Roman Catholic Church hadtaken no action against Copernicuss books or his ideas until Galileo undertook his campaign toconvert the theologians. At the hands of Galileo, the heliocentric system threatened thegeocentric and, much more serious, Gods creation was becoming an object of direct humanobservation which could be interpreted without the help of the Scriptures or of religion. In short,Galileo was condemned because he could not keep his opinions to himself and could not resist thetemptation to expose the ignorance, deceit, and manipulation of the powerful religious leaders ofthe time. .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 , .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .postImageUrl , .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 , .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:hover , .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:visited , .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:active { border:0!important; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:active , .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70 .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dfabe5f3e5a9bb0caabe2c091585a70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Job Satisfaction at Infosys and Its Implications for Motivating Employees at Infosys Sample EssayHistory Essays

ACT Study Guide Schedule and Plan for One Year or More

SAT / ACT Study Guide Schedule and Plan for One Year or More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You're serious about studying for the SAT. You have a year or more to study, and you want to put a real effort into it. Is studying this much worth it? What are the payoffs? And most importantly, what's the best way to study for the SAT / ACT on the year-or-more level? This post answers those questions! First, let's get a couple of important questions out of the way. Is Studying for a Year or More Worth It? Who Should Use This Guide? The short answer: yes, it's absolutely worth it. We know from recent studies that a 105-point increase on your SAT score (equivalently, 1.5 points on your ACT score) doubles your odds of getting into a given college. If you had a 10% chance of getting into Harvard before, it increases your chances to around 20%. And a 105 point increase can be obtained in a few dozen hours. This means that even if you're studying 100 hours for the SAT / ACT, those 100 hours are doing much more to increase your chance of getting into college than, say, sports or clubs. A study schedule of a year or more is definitely worth it for students who care about getting into the best colleges. How Many Hours Do I Need? How Far Ahead of Time Should I Start? If you're starting your studying a year or more before you take the test, plan to spend at least a hundred hours or more. As this SAT / ACT study schedule planner suggests, you don't want to study too few hours when you start far ahead. You should also begin studying so that you aim to take the test junior year fall (I'll explain more below). If you're planning a year to study, start during the winter or spring of your sophomore year. If you're on the more aggressive schedule of studying for a couple of years, you want to get started at the end of freshman year. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or more? We've put our best advice into a single guide. These are the 5 strategies you MUST be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download this free SAT guide now: Why Aim to Take SAT / ACT in the Fall of Junior Year? Many students aim to take the SAT / ACT junior spring or senior fall. But as an advanced student, if you really care about the SAT / ACT, your goal is to optimize everything about your studying. Optimizing the test date means taking it early. Why take the SAT / ACT so early? Because you want buffer space in between tests. If you don't do well junior fall, you'll still have two more chances junior spring (March and May for the SAT, February and April for the ACT) and won't have to run into summer after junior year and senior fall for testing. This is a huge advantage because you'll have all that time to focus on applying to college. And trust me, from my personal experience, you'll need that time. Think about it this way: what's the harm in taking the tests one month earlier than necessary? Okay, you stress one month earlier, and maybe you take the test with one less month of education. This is really not a large loss. What's the harm in taking it one month later than necessary? Last minute application scrambling, prep courses, and tons of stress. Take the safe bet: aim to take the tests junior fall. The First Step Okay, so you're aiming to test in junior fall, and you have around a year or more - this puts you at sophomore year or younger (if not, follow our guides for more moderate studiers). If you're starting earlier, just stretch the dates in this guide out evenly, like a rubber band. September of Sophomore Year The first thing you want to do is take two practice SAT / ACTs. Use real SATs or real ACTs. The first SAT / ACT you take, do not time yourself. You can break it into multiple pieces. Focus on readingall the instructions and the fine print. Also, focus on understanding the question and not the time pressure. If you've already taken a few SAT / ACTs in the past, you can skip this first test. Reflect on the main features of the test. Are there strategies you can already see without being told? What do you think are some tricks you can use to solve questions? (If you're using PrepScholar, we tell you this automatically). After this, take the test a second time, but follow the timer strictly. Then reflect on how time pressure changes things, and what you must do to counter this. With this second test, you also have a sense of what your mistakes are. For each mistake, write down two reasons you made it, like "carelessness" or "didn't know quadratic equation." Then, tally up the reasons and brainstorm ways to study for them. (If you're using PrepScholar, this tally analysis will be done for you automatically). These two tests will also prepare you well for the PSAT, which happens in October of sophomore year (see the PSAT timeline here). November of Sophomore Year You now have a list of major errors and how to study for them. For example, you might find yourself forgetting grammar rules, and so you'll spend 10 hours memorizing the most commonly tested grammar rules on the SAT. Or you might find that you don't know quadratic equations, and spend 10 hours reviewing them. You'll want to prioritize your content issues first. Content issues are those with fundamental knowledge of math, reading, writing, science, and so forth. These are things like what subject verb agreement is, trapezoids and their properties, and so on. Content issues are the hardest to forget, so studying early has an advantage. These issues are also the most the scalable: even if you dump a lot of time into fundamental content, you'll continue to improve as you know more of it. In fact, if you are scoring under a 1330 on the SAT or a 30 on the ACT, most of your gap is simply due to missing fundamental content. So make sure your foundations are strong. When exactly to take the next step depends on both your time budget and how much fundamental content is missing. If you're scoring, say, 1000 on the SAT or 18 on the ACT, and are budgeting over 200 hours, then the above steps should really be started earlier. The schedule here assumes you're studying 100 hours and already have a 1330 on your SAT / 30 on your ACT for the next step. March of Sophomore Year At this point, you want to shift towards strategy. Repeat the September analysis: do a timed test and see which questions are losing you points. However, this time notice where you're going wrong with strategy and test tactics instead of content. Notice when you run out of time, or make a careless mistake. Notice if you've rushed too much in one section versus another. Now come up with a few ideas to attack your strategic flaws (or if you're using PrepScholar, we come up with these strategies for you). Test out your plan by doing a few sections at a time. Do these new strategies you've thought up work? Iterate on these strategies, and repeat until you get your strategy down. At this point, ask yourself, are you getting the score you want for your school? If so, you can take it a bit easier (but still continue on). Otherwise, consider budgeting more time for studying. Bonus: Want to get a perfect SAT or ACT score? Read our famous guide on how to score a perfect 1600 on the SAT, or a perfect 36 on the ACT. You'll learn top strategies from the country's leading expert on the SAT/ACT, Allen Cheng, a Harvard grad and perfect scorer. No matter your level, you'll find useful advice here - this strategy guide has been read by over 500,000 people. Read the 1600 SAT guide or 36 ACT guide today and start improving your score. Summer before Junior Year This is Round Two of your studying. Repeat the September to March process: find more fundamental content weaknesses, and then look again for strategic weaknesses. Why split the process into two rounds? First, it increases your creativity - you may come up with strategies the second time around that you missed the first time around. Also, the strategies you use in the end will depend highly on your final performance. If you're scoring in the 800/1600 range on the SAT, skipping questions is key. If you're scoring 1270/1600, you can barely afford to skip any questions. By criss-crossing your studying this way, you get a better idea of your final score earlier on. Fall of Junior Year Sign up to take the first SAT or ACT of the year, usually August or September, respectively. Make sure you have a strong final week leading up to the test date. Before you take the test, estimate yourexpected "interquartile range." Suppose you expect there's a 75% chance you'll do better than a 900, and a 25% chance you'll do better than a 1000. Then your interquartile range is 900-1000. The Rest of Junior Year Take the SAT or ACT and then see what your score is. On your first test, if you score lower than the top of your interquartile range, plan to take it again in two months (likely December), following a shortened version of the study plan from the summer before your junior year. If your second score is less than the middle of your interquartile range, try once more in another 2-3 months, likely in February or March. Finally, if your third score is less than the bottom end of your expected interquartile range, try one last time, likely in June. Remember, taking the SAT / ACT more often is generally better for you, especially if you're scoring lower than you expected! Conclusion The above guide is a comprehensive way to study well for the ACT or SAT given 100 hours and 1 year or more of study time. The main theme is tallying up your mistakes and coming up with strategies to focus on them. If you want a system that automatically does this tracking and scheduling for you, check out our PrepScholar software. It comes with a free trial! Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Children Whose Parents are Suffering from AIDS Essay

Children Whose Parents are Suffering from AIDS - Essay Example [International AIDS Society Communications Department (n.d)] AIDS is caused by a virus known as HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. When a human body is infected by HIV, it attacks upon the healthy cells of the body such as the white blood cells that function to keep us safe from different diseases. It thrives and multiplies in those cells weakening and damaging the white blood cells and ultimately, the human body as it loses its protection shield. [American Psychiatric Association (n.d)] The HIV virus can be transmitted when the HIV containing fluids of one person transfer to another person. Thus, HIV can be transferred through sex, by sharing needles, syringes (especially, while drug abuse as it is done with precaution) etc, and new born babies with infected mother can also get the virus. HIV virus, however, doesn't thrive in a medium outside of a human body so according to known researches, it is not possible to get infected through external mediums, such as air and water. It is also known that insects do not carry the virus. [American Psychiatric Association (n.d)] In our fast-paced world where cut-throat competition prevails, people... [American Psychiatric Association (n.d)] [International AIDS Society Communications Department (n.d)] MENTAL DISORDERS AND ITS EFFECT ON CHILDREN In our fast-paced world where cut-throat competition prevails, people have seen a rise in the occurrence of emotional stress, distress and depression. However, people inflicted with a deadly disease such as AIDS are more prone to suffer from such mental disorders. The feeling of helplessness and depression is also because of the fact that most of the societies in our world have not learnt to accept people with AIDS. Certainly, it is not easy for them. This has, anyhow, proved to be more negative for patients with AIDS as they are not only going to be fight with a fatal disease for the rest of their lives but are also being treated as outcasts and aliens by their fellowmen. Even more worse is the fact that sometimes the virus itself make attack the brain cells which may result in a loss of memory among other things. [American Psychiatric Association (n.d)] "Every day, about 14000 new HIV infections occur everyday" [International AIDS Society Communications Department (n.d)] Looking at the vast and dismal number of people that are likely to get diagnosed with AIDS is not comforting. As AIDS have been publicized as an incurable disease, it doesn't come as a shock to know that most of the patients start suffering from depression. Depression, in its own right is a very harmful mental disorder. Its symptoms include loss of interest in daily activities, loss of sleep, appetite and weight. Considering that HIV weakens the immune system, if a patient also suffers from depression, it is unlikely that he is going to get any better as lack of sleep, appetite and diversions are going to adversely affect the immune system

Critically examine and compare the elitist, pluralist and the Marxist Assignment

Critically examine and compare the elitist, pluralist and the Marxist theories of the state. Pick a position and argue which theory you think best depicts the reality power of political power as is - Assignment Example In this case, the state is as a result is not subjugated by one class- the ruling class or the bourgeoisie- as seen in the Marxist theory. According to Dunleavy & OLeary (2000), the state is influenced by varying factors, and the interests of the existing groups in the society can be effortlessly attained. In addition, the centers of power according to the Pluralists are not centered on one sphere, and that monopoly of power does not exist in a Pluralist state. In as much the ruling class is seemingly strong and powerful, they have no complete control over the working class, and that the rulers are allowed to come up with labor unions that are strong and vocal to champion for the rights of the proletariats. In turn, the working class is able to exert their influence on the capitalists as evident in the work of Dunleavy & OLeary (2000). Modernity, according to the Pluralists, is the ability of one class not exerting their influence on the weak/ ruled in the society (Dunleavy & OLeary, 2000). In such a case, Shively (2002) indicates that the interests of various social groupings in the society are met and fulfilled by the rulers. Trade unions are for that reason functional and can exert considerable influence on the ruling class. As seen in the work compiled by Garner, Ferdinand & Lawson (2012), the Marxist theory indicates that the ruling group in the social order determines and controls power. The bourgeoisie, commonly known as the ruling class, majorly depends on the levies that are imposed on the proletariats- the ruled. On a lighter note, it is palpable that in some states the bourgeoisie have power over the media; thus, making it easier for the rulers to control what is aired and conveyed to the ruled (Garner, Ferdinand & Lawson, 2012). Conversely, this creates a situation whereby the rulers benefit from continuity in power at the expense of the ‘holders of the state.’ Garner, Ferdinand & Lawson (2012) emphasize that the bourgeoisie class

Drug abuse program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drug abuse program - Assignment Example In the past two decades, many measures have been taken by the government in order to improve the delivery of health care services particularly with reference to the drug abuse treatment and psychological health improvement in the Los Angeles County. People addicted to substance abuse that also suffer from mental problems are said to have dual diagnosis. Measures have been taken to increase the access of dually diagnosed people to medical care and coordinate the required services for such individuals. To make the system more efficient, it was imperative that the current status of the delivery of service was thoroughly researched. In order to achieve that, a study was conducted in which the administrators and the treatment staff of the programs based on substance abuse and mental health, who served the dually diagnosed patients were involved. A total of 15 administrators and 99 staff members considered the accessibility of the dually diagnosed patients to health care services and the c oordination of health care services much lower in comparison to 10 mental health administrators and 136 staff members, who gave a higher rating on each of the two factors (Grella, Gil-Rivas, and Cooper, 2004). In order to improve the coordination in the delivery of mental health services in substance abuse treatment and mental health improvement programs, the divergence in the concepts of the administrators needs to be lessened first because efficient working of the system requires them to work in close collaboration with one another.

Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and Diabetes

Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and Diabetes Insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathways are known to be involved in glucose uptake regulation, but the integration of signals between these two pathways in maintaining glucose homeostasis remains mysterious (1). Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle mainly via the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane (2). Also the exact mechanism involved is not yet fully understood, however, in insulin-induced glucose transport cascade it seems that insulin activates specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms (2). In Liu L. Z. et al work, stimulation of insulin conferred a glucose uptake or translocation of surface glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4).Using specific inhibitors to key kinases of both pathways and PKCzeta small interference RNA, it was found that protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) regulate insulin-stimulated protein kinase B (PKB) activation and inhibit AMPK activity on dorsal cell surface, whereas in the presence of berberine, PKCzeta controlled AMPK activation and AMPK blocked PKB activity in perinuclear region. The inhibitory effect exerted by PKCzeta on AMPK activation or the arrestment of PKB activity by AMPK still existed in basal condition. Overall, these results are suggestive for an antagonistic regulation between insulin and AMPK signal pathways, which is mediated by the switch roles of PKCzeta. The protein kinase Akt is associated with different cellular processes, including cell proliferation, growth, metabolism and importantly, insulin-regulated transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells. Activation of Akt involves binding of an extracellular ligand to its cognate tyrosine kinase receptor, which lead to activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and generation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. This in turn enables the translocation of Akt to the plasma membrane where it is phosphorylated at Thr308 and Ser473 by PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) and the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR) complex respectively. Once activated, Akt phosphorylates a range of substrates that regulate a variety of key biological processes (3). There are several Akt isoforms, Akt1 function is mainly related to growth and proliferation. On the other hand, Akt2 is more involved in metabolism, and loss-of function mutations in Akt2 have been link ed to Type 2 diabetes (3). Akt has been involved in the insulin-induced expression of GLUT1 in hepatoma cells and GLUT3 in skeletal muscle (4). Insulin-regulated transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells is thought to be mediated by Akt-dependent movement of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane (3). It was found after Tan S. X. study that non-ATP-competitive allosteric Akt inhibitors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes caused a decrease in the Akt signaling pathway simultaneously with reduced glucose uptake, notwithstanding, no such reduction in GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane was seen. This is explained by the fact that minimal amount of Akt phosphorylation is prerequisite for robust GLUT4 translocation, thus a marked reduction in Akt phosphorylation may not necessarily translate into a similar reduction in GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane (3, 5). Additional investigation revealed that the inhibitory effects on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes of these compounds were independent of the Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of glucose transport was also noticed in other cell types such as hum an erythrocytes that are rich in GLUT1 and T-47D breast cancer cells, proposing that these effects are not specific to GLUT4, and that the Akt inhibitors affect glucose uptake in different cell types (3). Alternatively, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway is a well-known mediator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival signals. Riley J. K. et al studied the Inhibition of the PI3K pathway, and results indicated that inhibition of this pathway cause an induction of apoptosis in both murine blastocysts and trophoblast stem cells. Moreover, the apoptosis induced correlates with a decrease in the expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 at the plasma membrane (6). Additionally, blastocysts cultured in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor LY-294002 exhibited a reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake and hexokinase activity. In rat primary brown adipocytes, insulin acutely stimulated glucose uptake in a PI3-kinase-dependent but p70S6-kinase-independent manner, and Akt represents an intermediate step between these kinases. Therefore, the goal of Hernandez R. et al study was to investigate the contribution of Akt to insulin-induced glucose uptake in brown adipocytes using ML-9, a recently proposed chemical inhibitor of Akt activity (7) and by using Akt protein with dominant-negative activity to block (4). ML-9 treatment of primary brown adipocytes showed a complete inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and also impaired GLUT4 redistribution from internal membrane to plasma membrane in response to insulin. It was found that ML-9 inhibited Akt activity and Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. Furthermore, results showed that long-term treatment with ML-9 produced down-regulation of the GLUT4 mRNA accumulation, inactivation of Akt, and possibly its translocation to the nucleus (8). Co-transfection with à Ã‚ ªAkt prevented insulin stimulation of GLUT4 promoter activity, suggesting that PI3-kinase/Akt pathway is regulating GLUT4 gene transcription by insulin (4). It is well known that phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase activation mediates GLUT4 redistribution to the plasma membrane, and overexpression of the catalytic subunit of p110 produced GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake (9). Alternatively, inhibition of PI3-kinase (by chemical inhibitors or by microinjection of blocking p85 protein, or by transfection with a dominant-negative mutant of p85) prohibits insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation (10). Two classes of Ser/Thr kinases have been suggested to act downstream of PI3-kinase, and they are Akt/PKB and the atypical protein kinase (PK) C isoforms ÃŽ ¶ and ÃŽ » (PKC ÃŽ ¶/ÃŽ »). It well established that expression of a constitutively active, membrane-bound form of Akt cause a persistent localization of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane and increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, yet, it did not promote GLUT4 translocation or glucose transport in L6 myotube(4, 11). Despite the fact proved by in vivo studies that GLUT4 expression in insulin-responsive tissues is under insulin and/or metabolic control (12), experiments performed with cultured fat cells had failed to establish a stimulatory role of insulin in GLUT4 expression (13), and the positive effect of insulin seen on GLUT4 gene expression had only been noticed in the presence of dexamethasone (14). Nevertheless, rat cardiomyocytes showed a direct effect of insulin on GLUT4 transcription (15). Different studies have validated that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is separated from GLUT4 translocation based on using phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor; wortmannin .Therefore, it can be concluded that GLUT4 translocation and the intrinsic activity of GLUT4 are differentially regulated. Insulin is known to activate p38MAPK, and using SB203580; p38MAPKÃŽ ± and p38MAPKÃŽ ² inhibitors reduce insulin- stimulated glucose uptake without affecting GLUT4 translocation. p38MAPKs are serine/threonine kinases that are activated by several factors such as environmental stressors, inflammatory cytokines, protein synthesis inhibitors, growth factors like insulin and muscle contraction. It has four isoforms; p38ÃŽ ± and p38ÃŽ ² that are ubiquitously expressed, p38ÃŽ ³ that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and p38ÃŽ ´ in the lung and kidney (16). Full activation of p38MAPK necessitates dual phosphorylation on residues corresponding to threonine-180 and tyrosine-182 on p38ÃŽ ± catalyzed by dual-specificity MAPK kinases 3 and 6 (MKK3 and 6). p38MAPK inhibitors like pyridinyl imidazole derivatives (SB203580 and SB202190) or azaazulene pharmacophores (A291077 and A304000) have the potential to inhibit insulin-mediated glucose uptake without producing any effect on GLUT4 translocation. As a conclusion, insulin increases the intrinsic activity of GLUT4 via p38MAPK (16). Antonescu, C. N. et al aimed to determine whether p38MAPK is required for insulin- stimulated glucose uptake in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes using a mutant of p38ÃŽ ± (DR-p38ÃŽ ±) resistant to SB203580, dominant-inhibitory mutants of p38ÃŽ ± and p38ÃŽ ² and siRNA against p38ÃŽ ± and p38ÃŽ ². The results obtained by these independent molecular methods to interfere with p38MAPK signaling did not interfere with stimulated glucose uptake. Nonetheless, SB220025 was found to inhibit p38MAPK as strongly as SB203580, but again, had no effect on insulin stimulated glucose uptake. So, collectively, it can anticipated that p38MAPK is not involved in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and that the SB203580-mediated reduction in glucose uptake is a result of SB203580 action on another protein (16). References 1. Liu LZ, Cheung SC, Lan LL, Ho SK, Chan JC, Tong PC. The pivotal role of protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) in insulin- and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated glucose uptake in muscle cells. Cellular signalling. 2010;22(10):1513-22. Epub 2010/06/24. 2. Braiman L, Alt A, Kuroki T, Ohba M, Bak A, Tennenbaum T, et al. Activation of protein kinase C zeta induces serine phosphorylation of VAMP2 in the GLUT4 compartment and increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Molecular and cellular biology. 2001;21(22):7852-61. Epub 2001/10/18. 3. Tan SX, Ng Y, James DE. Akt inhibitors reduce glucose uptake independently of their effects on Akt. The Biochemical journal. 2010;432(1):191-7. Epub 2010/09/08. 4. Hernandez R, Teruel T, Lorenzo M. Akt mediates insulin induction of glucose uptake and up-regulation of GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes. FEBS letters. 2001;494(3):225-31. Epub 2001/04/20. 5. Ng Y, Ramm G, Burchfield JG, Coster AC, Stockli J, James DE. Cluster analysis of insulin action in adipocytes reveals a key role for Akt at the plasma membrane. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2010;285(4):2245-57. Epub 2009/11/10. 6. Riley JK, Carayannopoulos MO, Wyman AH, Chi M, Moley KH. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity is critical for glucose metabolism and embryo survival in murine blastocysts. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2006;281(9):6010-9. Epub 2005/11/08. 7. Smith U, Carvalho E, Mosialou E, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Rondinone C. PKB inhibition prevents the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose transport and protein translocation but not the antilipolytic effect in rat adipocytes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2000;268(2):315-20. Epub 2000/02/19. 8. Salinas M, Lopez-Valdaliso R, Martin D, Alvarez A, Cuadrado A. Inhibition of PKB/Akt1 by C2-ceramide involves activation of ceramide-activated protein phosphatase in PC12 cells. Molecular and cellular neurosciences. 2000;15(2):156-69. Epub 2000/02/16. 9. Martin SS, Haruta T, Morris AJ, Klippel A, Williams LT, Olefsky JM. Activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is sufficient to mediate actin rearrangement and GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry. 1996;271(30):17605-8. Epub 1996/07/26. 10. Cheatham B, Vlahos CJ, Cheatham L, Wang L, Blenis J, Kahn CR. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin stimulation of pp70 S6 kinase, DNA synthesis, and glucose transporter translocation. Molecular and cellular biology. 1994;14(7):4902-11. Epub 1994/07/01. 11. Kohn AD, Summers SA, Birnbaum MJ, Roth RA. Expression of a constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation. The Journal of biological chemistry. 1996;271(49):31372-8. Epub 1996/12/06. 12. Berger J, Biswas C, Vicario PP, Strout HV, Saperstein R, Pilch PF. Decreased expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter in diabetes and fasting. Nature. 1989;340(6228):70-2. Epub 1989/07/06. 13. Flores-Riveros JR, McLenithan JC, Ezaki O, Lane MD. Insulin down-regulates expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene: effects on transcription and mRNA turnover. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993;90(2):512-6. Epub 1993/01/15. 14. Hajduch E, Hainault I, Meunier C, Jardel C, Hainque B, Guerre-Millo M, et al. Regulation of glucose transporters in cultured rat adipocytes: synergistic effect of insulin and dexamethasone on GLUT4 gene expression through promoter activation. Endocrinology. 1995;136(11):4782-9. Epub 1995/11/01. 15. Petersen S, Bahr M, Eckel J. Insulin-dependent regulation of Glut4 gene expression in ventricular cardiomyocytes: evidence for a direct effect on Glut4 transcription. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1995;213(2):533-40. Epub 1995/08/15. 16. Antonescu CN, Huang C, Niu W, Liu Z, Eyers PA, Heidenreich KA, et al. Reduction of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by the protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 is independent of p38MAPK activity. Endocrinology. 2005;146(9):3773-81. Epub 2005/06/11.

Artworks Review :: essays research papers

In the Piece created by Robert Colecott entitled the â€Å"Bilingual Cop,† a cop is positioned in the center of the work standing behind a brick wall. The cop is yelling racial slurs at two men who are passed out; one man is an African American and he is leaning up against a trash can and positioned to the left of the cop, there is also a Hispanic man passed out and leaning up against a cactus which is positioned to the right of the cop. A thick yellow line that was painted on the ground separates the men from each other. On the African American man’s side of the line there are animals such as a rat, cat, and a mouse placed by him. On the Hispanic man’s side there is a lizard, jack rabbit and a goat laying on the ground, and the animals look abstract. On each side of the dividing line, there is a skull. On the left side of the line there is a human skull, and on the right side of the line there is a cow skull On the African American man’s side, there is a city in the background. Behind the city is a set of pyramids, among them is a view of a sunset or sunrise. On the Hispanic man’s side there is a small village in the background, and behind that is a set of volcanic mountains. In between the set of mountains, there is a sun setting or rising, and the scene looks very picturesque. The art work is composed of both organic, and geometric shapes. An example of an organic shape that is in the piece would be the cactus, and an example of a geometric shape would be the bricks that make up the wall, and the pyramids in the work. The artist used an very interesting combination of colors when he created both sunsets or 2 sunrises, and the use of chiaro scuro is evident, and there is also allot of value exhibited throughout the work. The piece was created in 1995, and is a acrylic on canvas. The dimensions are 90 by 144 inches, and the time of day of the artwork is either early morning or just before sunset. The work is abstract, because things from real life are twisted around and made different. The colors that were mostly used through out the piece are reds, browns, and greens. In the Painting entitled â€Å"Triumph of Christianity,† the first thing viewers will notice is Jesus, who’s arms are open and stretch clear across the canvas, he is positioned at the top center of the piece. Artworks Review :: essays research papers In the Piece created by Robert Colecott entitled the â€Å"Bilingual Cop,† a cop is positioned in the center of the work standing behind a brick wall. The cop is yelling racial slurs at two men who are passed out; one man is an African American and he is leaning up against a trash can and positioned to the left of the cop, there is also a Hispanic man passed out and leaning up against a cactus which is positioned to the right of the cop. A thick yellow line that was painted on the ground separates the men from each other. On the African American man’s side of the line there are animals such as a rat, cat, and a mouse placed by him. On the Hispanic man’s side there is a lizard, jack rabbit and a goat laying on the ground, and the animals look abstract. On each side of the dividing line, there is a skull. On the left side of the line there is a human skull, and on the right side of the line there is a cow skull On the African American man’s side, there is a city in the background. Behind the city is a set of pyramids, among them is a view of a sunset or sunrise. On the Hispanic man’s side there is a small village in the background, and behind that is a set of volcanic mountains. In between the set of mountains, there is a sun setting or rising, and the scene looks very picturesque. The art work is composed of both organic, and geometric shapes. An example of an organic shape that is in the piece would be the cactus, and an example of a geometric shape would be the bricks that make up the wall, and the pyramids in the work. The artist used an very interesting combination of colors when he created both sunsets or 2 sunrises, and the use of chiaro scuro is evident, and there is also allot of value exhibited throughout the work. The piece was created in 1995, and is a acrylic on canvas. The dimensions are 90 by 144 inches, and the time of day of the artwork is either early morning or just before sunset. The work is abstract, because things from real life are twisted around and made different. The colors that were mostly used through out the piece are reds, browns, and greens. In the Painting entitled â€Å"Triumph of Christianity,† the first thing viewers will notice is Jesus, who’s arms are open and stretch clear across the canvas, he is positioned at the top center of the piece.

Le Corbusier, the modernist

Architecture as a medium started during the Egyptian era, then the Greek and Roman Period followed, after which the development seemed just to have died down. No further design was evident but only reinvention of the three distinct styles from Byzantines to gothic, renaissance to baroque, neo-classicism to art nouveau and art deco. All contributed to designs of sinuous curves and decorations creating an atmosphere of brilliant exuberance (â€Å"Neoclassic†).However at the start of the 20th century a new movement was born – the international style of modern architecture. This is a form of rebellion on the established architectural norms at the time and to basically express in style that is totally different from the past. Coupled with the development of concrete, steel and glass, it became the barometer by which succeeding styles evolved (â€Å"History†).The International Style of ArchitectureThe international style is characterized by three basic principles; the marked influence of volume rather than mass; balance rather than applied symmetry; and the total expulsion of ornaments to the composition of the structure both in the faà §ade and interior spaces. This movement is brought about by the advent of the industrial revolution. Thus, the international style is anchored towards machines, or that structural spaces are â€Å"machines where one can live in† (â€Å"International Style†).One of the pillars of the international movement was Le Corbusier, the Swedish Architect who eventually made a name for himself while in Paris. He was a tireless artisan, through pamphlets, manifestos, magazines, books and even exhibitions he was able to project the merits of the movement not only in Europe but the America’s as well.Part of his (Le Corbusier) design innovation is; the structure is raised on stilts to make it appear light and floating; free flowing plan, so dwellers will have the freedom to rearrange the spaces according to their needs; make the walls independent of the structure – thus curtain walls were developed; provide horizontal bands of windows to keep the light in; and most of all top the structure with a roof garden to bring the natural environment to the structure (Rybczynski).The resulting structure is a study of steel columns and beams, a skeleton devoid of any decorative ornament. It projects an architecture that is harsh and brutal in appearance, but with the application of ground to ceiling plate glass windows it tempered the faà §ade and promotes the functional side of the structure. The walls are no longer planned as load bearing but only as decorative panels devised mainly to protect dwellers from the elements. The elevator shafts are now exposed and part of the design retinue (â€Å"International†).The Villa SavoyeThe most important building that expressed the tenets of the international style is the Villa Savoye, near the suburbs in Paris. This building is memorable since it was designed by one of the movers of the style – Le Corbusier. The Villa Savoye captures the essence of the movement because of its abject simplicity and is considered by many as the climax of Le Corbusier’s work as it virtually expressed the style in its purist form (Sullivan).What make the Villa Savoye the true representative of the international style are the different components that truly define the spirit of the style. The faà §ade is endemic throughout, meaning the design does not distinguish the front, the sides or the rear of the building and it is of plain reinforced concrete that added to its effortless appeal.The Villa Savoye is obviously modular in design and follows the pattern on human proportion; the building seems to float because of the series of â€Å"pilotis† or stilts that raise it from the ground, though it may be a form modern classicism; it does not have any attachment to historical ornament but is actually an expression of a mo dern abstract sculptural composition; and the external faà §ade is pure white that suggests birth, purity, simplicity and health (â€Å"LeCorbusier†).The building has an open interior plan that defines the logic of large spaces; to go up or down between floors is best served by a corkscrew spiral staircase and a reliable ramp system; the windows provides a wealthy interplay of light, reminiscent of industrial architecture; of course the feature that Le Corbusier emphasized is the roof garden at the top of the structure – to promote oneness with the natural environment even when inside the building; and the ground floor has an integral garage (â€Å"LeCorbusier†).All the characteristics of the international style as expounded by Le Corbusier are all incorporated in the Villa Savoye. And owing to the importance of the Villa Savoye to the international style, it has become a relic and a pilgrimage site for students of architecture.ConclusionNever in the history of architecture have a style that truly evolved without the undue influence of the past. Two movements have expressed the sincerity to really deviate from this form of evolution – the modern movement of Frank Lloyd Wright (organic style) and the international style. Both styles have echoed desires for large uninterrupted open spaces and simplicity in design without the use of elaborate ornaments.The development of the skyscraper in the United States put into full use the international style of architecture. The buildings were now constructed according to the new manual on steel construction with reinforced concrete as the material of choice on the walls and foundations. The faà §ade fully utilize the versatility of plate glass as it clad the structure from the ground floor up to the penthouse.The glass curtain walls may have added to the aesthetic appeal of the building, but it also plagued insulation engineers, for it resulted in problems about heating and cooling, particular ly during the cold and warm months. Therefore new standards were set as it increases the energy requirement of buildings.But, even with some negative perceptions, nobody can question the effects of the international style in our modern society. It has revolutionized our ideas of a modern structure.Bibliographyâ€Å"History.† Art Deco Architecture. 15 December 2007. .â€Å"International Style, in Architecture.† The Columbia Encyclopedia sixth edition. 2007. Columbia University Press. 16 December 2007. .â€Å"International.† Realtor Magazine Online. 2001. National Association of Realtors. 16 December 2007. .â€Å"LeCorbusier – Villa Savoye.† Boston College – Fine Arts Department. 12 November 2007. The Trustees of Boston College. 17 December 2007. .â€Å"Neoclassic Art and Architecture.† Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 2001. Microsoft Corporation. 15 December 2007. .Rybczynski, Witold. â€Å"Le Corbusier.† Time. 8 June 1998. Time Inc. 17 December 2007. .Sullivan, Mary Ann. Bluffton University. 2006. 17 December 2007. .

The 2007 to 2011 Financial Crisis Causes, Effects and Lessons The WritePass Journal

The 2007 to 2011 Financial Crisis Causes, Effects and Lessons Abstract The 2007 to 2011 Financial Crisis Causes, Effects and Lessons – and discuss the conclusions that can be drawn accordingly. 1. Regulation destabilized the financial system Regulation of US banks by the Fed, SEC, and FDIC,[3] as well as other regulatory agencies, contributed significantly to the erosion of financial system stability (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012, p.86). For example, in 1996, the Fed legitimized the use of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) as risk-hedging instruments (Levine 2010, p. 202, Appendix 1) and as a result many banks developed massive exposures (Figure 1) – AIG held over $500 billion in 2007 – while others were able to reduce their capital reserves by up to half in percentage terms (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012, p.92). Figure 1: CDS market volume Q1 2001 to Q2 2007, trillion US$   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (International Securities and Derivatives Association cited in Baily, Litan and Johnson, 2008) Another example is the SECs use of the â€Å"NRSRO† designation,[4] which led to a serious misalignment of credit rating agencies business incentives and resulted in inflationary provisions of investment-grade ratings for risky securities. This further deteriorated the viability of banks balance sheets (see Appendix 2). 1.1 Residential mortgage boom and bust Simultaneously, the US residential real estate bubble (inspired by the assumption that housing prices would only go up) fueled excessive issuance of home mortgages (Figure 2). In turn, unsound lending practices, especially in sub-prime mortgage lending, bolstered housing prices by pushing demand, while filling institutions’ balance sheets with unrecognized risk (Barth 2009, p.92). The attractiveness of mortgages as â€Å"fail-safe† investments prompted many banks to shift their business model from â€Å"originate-to-hold† to â€Å"originate-to-sell†; instead of buying mortgages as an investment that generated a steady cash flow, banks securitized and sold them (Barth 2009, p.22). This effectively removed any incentive to analyze and control risk. However, this â€Å"out-of-sight-out-of-mind† mentality did not account for the fact that banks that securitized mortgages and invested in mortgage-backed securities (MBS) were often identical. Thus, risk w as absent from balance sheets, but implicitly present in securities holdings (Appendix 3). Figure 2: SP-Shiller housing prices index (monthly), January 2001 to August 2012 (Standard Poors Financial Services LLC, 2012) The convoluted system of securitization faltered when housing prices started to decline and mortgage borrowers defaulted (Figure 3). This dried up the cash flow of mortgage-backed securities and made them virtually worthless; banks that relied on them to meet their obligations encountered trouble. Moreover, complex securitization practices made the extent of any one institutions exposure anyone’s guess. Since, no one could be certain which banks would live to see another day, interbank lending froze. In short, not only did financial institutions possess worthless assets, but they were also unable to bridge shortages in cash (Figure 4).[5] In addition, mass defaults activated billions of dollars in CDS obligations and bankrupted all who were over-exposed. Figure 3: Increase of delinquency rates (percent) of subprime loans between 2003 and 2007 (Arentsen, Mauer, Rosenlund, Zhang and Zhao, 2012, p.39) Figure 4: Increase of the Federal Funds rate (percent, monthly) indicates interbank lending crisis (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2012) 2. Financial collapse and economic downturn The immediate effects of the crisis are well known. Banks previously considered untouchable filed for bankruptcy (e.g. Lehmann Brothers), while others were acquired (Merrill Lynch by Bank of America), bailed-out, or taken over by the government (AIG and the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). Soon, the credit freeze affected the remaining economy as financing investments and borrowing became increasingly difficult. For example, between 2007 and 2009, approximately 8.8 million American jobs disappeared, U.S. GDP fell by more than five percent from its pre-recession peak (Treasury 2012), and the SP 500 lost about 57 percent of its value (Lleo and Ziemba, 2011). Perhaps most famously, without governmental assistance, American automobile manufacturers GM and Chrysler would have become insolvent (Stewart 2012). Yet another legacy cost is the enormous government debt that resulted from rescues and other economic resuscitation programs (Barth 2009). The crisis spread internationally (and most damagingly to Europe) because substantial loan derivatives were sold abroad. This does not imply that the U.S. is to blame for the crisis; every government had access to the same information as Fed, SEC, and FDIC, yet nearly all failed to recognize and address the systemic problem (Cox, Faucette and Lickstein, 2010). 4. Lessons Mostly importantly, the crisis exposed the colossal failure of bank regulators,[6] and prompted a fundamental restructuring of banking regulation (such as the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act). In addition, the excessive complexity and behemoth size of the financial system have come under intense scrutiny. An important question has emerged from this examination, which asks, considering TARP[7], are some financial institutions â€Å"too big to fail?† (Greeley 2012). Moreover, the crisis has spawned a reexamination of the desirability of â€Å"laissez-faire† within the financial markets – that is, to what degree can market forces be relied upon to avert crises (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012, p.90)? Conclusion The financial crisis that began in 2007 still troubles us today. While some financial institutions have collapsed, those that remain have had to fundamentally rethink their role as credit providers. Governments were left with tremendous financial commitments, tasked with deconstructing the moral hazard of bank bailouts, and with regulating and supervising the financial system more efficiently. History has shown us that financial crises are a cyclical occurrence. Thus the question must be, can the cycle be broken, or is the next crisis waiting in the wings? Bibliography Arentsen, E., Mauer, D.C., Rosenlund, B., Zhang, H.H., Zhao, F., 2012. Subprime Mortgage Defaults and Credit Default Swaps. [pdf] University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business. Available at: http://finance.sauder.ubc.ca/conferences/summer2012/files/papers/Mauer_CDSMS_Jan_1_2012.pdf [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Baily, M.N., Litan, R.E. and Johnson, M.S., 2008. The Origins of the Financial Crisis. [online] Brookings Institution. Available at: brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/11/origin%20crisis%20baily%20litan/11_origins_crisis_baily_litan [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Bank of International Settlement (BIS), 2012. Detailed tables on semiannual OTC derivatives statistics at end-June 2012. [online] Available at: bis.org/statistics/derdetailed.htm [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Barth J.R., 2009. The Rise and Fall of the U.S. Mortgage and Credit Market. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Barth, J.R., Caprio, G. and Levine, R., 2012. Guardians of Finance, making regulators work for us. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Barth, J.R., Caprio, G. and Levine, R., 2012. Rethinking Bank Regulation, till angels govern. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. Congressional Budget Office, 2012. Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program- October 2012. [pdf]. Available at: cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/TARP10-2012_0.pdf [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Cox, J., Faucette, J. and Lickstein, C.V., 2010. Why Did the Credit Crisis Spread to Global Markets? [pdf] The University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development. Available at: http://blogs.law.uiowa.edu/ebook/uicifd-ebook/part-5-ii-why-did-credit-crisis-spread-global-markets [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2012. Effective Federal Funds Rate (FEDFUNDS). [online] Available at: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/FEDFUNDS/downloaddata?cid=118 [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Greeley, B., 2012. The Price of Too Big Too Fail. Bloomberg Businessweek, [online] Available at: businessweek.com/articles/2012-07-05/the-price-of-too-big-to-fail [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Jickling, M., 2009. Causes of the Financial Crisis. [online] Congressional Research Service. Available at: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/600/ [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Kohn D.L., 2010. The Federal Reserves Policy Actions during the Financial Crisis and Lessons for the Future. [online] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Available at: federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/kohn20100513a.htm [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Levine, R., 2010. An autopsy of the US ï ¬ nancial system: accident, suicide, or negligent homicide, Journal of Financial Economic Policy. [online] Available at: econ.brown.edu/fac/Ross_Levine/other%20files/Autopsy-4-13.pdf [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Lleo, S. and Ziemba, W.T., 2011. Stock Market Crashes in 2007-2009: Were We Able to Predict Them? [pdf] Available through Social Sciences Research Network website http://ssrn.com/abstract=1884081 [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Pagliari, S. and Young, K.L., 2012. Leveraged Interests: Financial Industry Power and the Role of Private Sector Coalitions. [pdf] Available at: princeton.edu/politics/about/file-repository/public/Leveraged-Interests-November-2011.pdf [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Standard Poors Financial Services LLC, 2012. SP Dow Jones Indices. [online] Available at: standardandpoors.com/indices/sp-case-shiller-home-price-indices/en/us/?indexId=spusa-cashpidff%E2%80%94p-us- [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Stewart, J.B., 2012. When Debating the Auto Bailout, Consider Lehman’s Fate. The New York Times, [online] 9 March. Available at: nytimes.com/2012/03/10/business/when-debating-the-auto-bailout-consider-lehmans-fate.html?pagewanted=all [Accessed 25 November 2012]. U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2012. The Financial Crisis Response In Charts [pdf] Available at: treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/Documents/20120413_FinancialCrisisResponse.pdf [Accessed 26 November 2012].   Appendex Appendix 1 A CDS is a derivative that enables the buyer to claim compensation from the seller if the underlying asset (such as a Mortgage Backed Securities or MBS) defaults. While useful for hedging purposes and as assessment tool for credit risk (a rising CDS premium indicates increasing risk for the underlying asset), it can be misused for speculative investing, as it does not require the buyer (or the seller) to actually hold the underlying asset. Appendix 2 The SEC required every issuer of a new security to acquire a risk rating from a NRSRO in order to enable potential buyers to assess its risk and allow regulators to determine capital requirements (which were based on risk-adjusted assets). Those credit rating agencies privileged enough to have received NRSRO designation (namely the big three, SP, Moodys, and Fitch) slowly realigned their business models to accommodate issuers needs to purchase ratings by incentivizing employees to issue AAA ratings in order to grow the customer base. As a result, 56 percent of MBS issued between 2005 and 2007 and rated by SP were eventually downgraded (Barth 2009, p.156). Appendix 3 A common practice in the precursor to the crisis was to package mortgage loans into asset-backed securities (ABS, most notoriously, collateralized debt obligations or CDOs) and other securities according to tranches. These tranches were associated with different degrees of risk in order to cater to different investors. Oftentimes, ABS were re-packaged into CDOs squared and cubed. The common misconception prevailed that this would reduce risk by spreading it. In the wake of the crisis, with default rates skyrocketing, it became apparent that this system had become too complex for anyone to unravel, thus making any exposure assessment impossib [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rapid economic growth in BRIC countries, and the resulting flood of rent-seeking financial assets, mishaps in bank regulation and supervision, immoral business conduct of key-stakeholders, or the general failure to recognize the emergence of a bubble all conditioned each other and shaped the environment that resulted in the most severe meltdown since the Great Depression. [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the financial crisis was markedly a global phenomenon, the United States were at the epicenter in terms of both causes and effects (Jickling 2009). [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Federal Reserve Bank, Securities Exchange Commission, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, respectively all regulate and supervise different (but sometimes overlapping) aspects of the US banking system (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012). [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚   NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations. [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚   To put the extent of the liquidity crunch into perspective, the Federal Reserve reacted by purchasing approximately US$1.25 trillion worth of securities (including Treasuries) between 2007 and 2010, compared to US$15 billion over the years prior (Kohn, 2010). [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is not to put blame solely on government agencies: Regulators and supervisors were heavily influenced by financial services lobbies (Pagliari and Young, 2012). [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Troubled Assets Relieve Program (TARP) is a government program that disbursed approximately US$431 billion to save financial institutions and other business from bankruptcy (CBO 2012, p.1).

1998 DBQ

1998 DBQ The perception that Federalists were loose constructionists and that Jeffersonian Republicans were very strict constructionists was very well founded, but not accurate 100% of the time. The presidency of Thomas Jefferson mainly supported the theory that the Jeffersonian Republicans were strict constructionists. James Madison's presidency supported that theory as well. Both presidents, however, made exceptions to their general policies when an issue was just too big to fit inside the tiny box of their shared school of thought.Jefferson proved himself a constructionist most of the time he was in office. In August of 1800, Jefferson's first year in office, he sent a letter to Gideon Granger (document A) stating his support for the constitution and its basic principles, and also stating that Federalists opposed those principles by their loose interpretation of the document. He implies that loose interpretation leads to change, and in this case, that will create a strong national governme nt that resembles a monarchy and doesn't adhere to the rights of states as guaranteed by the Constitution.Jefferson MonumentIn another letter, this time to Samuel Miller (document B) during his last year holding office, Jefferson reinforces the image of strict constructionism by stating that he intends to break the precedent established by his predecessors to better adhere to the Constitution's policy on separation of church and state. Jefferson's widely known philosophy that the National Bank should not be established because the Constitution didn't say that it could was another example of his strict constructionism (Blum). Blum also mentions that even in his first speech to Congress, Jefferson put the constraint on the ideas he presented them with that everything had to be done "within the limits of their Constitutional powers".Madison, also being a Democratic-Republican, supported the same principles as Jefferson. Speaking for President Madison, Daniel Webster (document...

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

English class - Essay Example Underage drinking in fact contributes to 17.5 % of total alcohol sales. As youths are not allowed to possess alcohol, they consume it in unsupervised spaces such as house parties which are the hotspots of binge drinking and drug abuse. Lowering the age allows them to drink alcohol in regulated and safe environment. Other issue is the underreporting of alcohol related accidents due to fear of legal consequences which lead to death in many cases. Proper medical care can be provided in accidents if the action is not illegal and is reported promptly. Proponents of the move also claim that if the drinking age is lowered, it will no longer be a taboo which will make young people less prone to take up drinking as an act of rebellion. Excessive drinking can be controlled if moderated drinking is made part of the culture and not banned. One of the very important reasons the age should be lowered is the lax administration of law. Police personnel have a lot more pressing cases to handle rather than to chase youth below 21 who are drinking. As the law cannot be enforced effectively, it needs to be altered. The most pressing concern in lowering the drinking age is drunk driving. More than 11000 people died in 2010 due to drunken driving. Research also shows that incidents of drunken driving are more common in youth below 25 years of age and reduces with the increase in age. If the drinking age was lowered to 18, more young people would get behind the wheel drunk leading to a spike in the number of deaths. The nation cannot be responsible for this catastrophe and thus drinking age should not be lowered. Binge drinking is a common phenomenon in US colleges. Youth regularly have bets with each other to see who can drink the maximum. This leads to alcohol poisoning and causes death in many cases. Lowering the drinking age will invite more cases of binge drinking which is

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice - Essay Example Disparity and Discrimination Disparity and discrimination are two of the most commonly used terms in the criminal justice system. Both terms are often mixed together when they are used in the context of criminal justice system. However, disparity does not always involve the factor of discrimination when it comes to the decisions made by a court. Some people believe that the factor if discrimination does not exist in the criminal justice system. One must understand the difference between disparity and discrimination in order to know whether discrimination actually exists in the criminal justice system or not. The concept of disparity is based on some legal or lawful factors, such as, crime history and mental health of a criminal, whereas, discrimination is based on sex, race, social status, and religion of a criminal. By definition discrimination is an act of favoritism or unfairness based on the race or nationality of the criminals. There are three main forms of discrimination in the criminal justice system, which include institutionalized discrimination, systematic discrimination, and contextual discrimination.