Behind the Scenes of NYU School of Medicine

If you could describe your medical school in three adjectives, what would they be? This month, we interview Jide, who lifts the curtain a little on NYU medical school.Babajide, or Jide as his friends call him, was born in Nigeria then raised Georgia. Jide earned his Bachelors of Science in Microbiology from the University of Georgia (UGA) in 2011 with high honors. He was introduced to scientific research through the CURO Honors Scholarship at UGA. Through his thesis work at UGA he earned the UGA Libraries Undergraduate Research Award, as well as the nationally coveted UNCF-Merck Research Scholarship Award. Currently, he is pursuing a MD and a PhD in Molecular Pharmacology at NYU School of Medicine. If you could describe your medical school in three adjectives, what would they be? Supportive, innovative, and evidence-driven. What's one thing that the average applicant would be surprised to learn about your medical school's curriculum? The curriculum pushes students to augment their education with either the accelerated 3-year MD or a dual degree by giving students time to pursue other interests along with medicine. What is something unique or different about the admissions interview process at your medical school? NYU's Multiple Mini Interviews have a variety of individuals including nurses, scientists, and students interviewing you. The people evaluate you have completely different perspectives. What's a tradition that you've enjoyed at your medical school that most prospective students don't know about? There are certain events (like the welcome back BBQ or Diversity week food fair) that student clubs put on that always attract a massive showing (even more than formal). There is always a ridiculous amount of food and you see people from every year, recent graduates, people on their research year, and the best time to rekindle old friendships and make new ones is while stuffing your face with free food. What's one thing you wish you'd known when you were applying to medical school? That life outside of medicine matters a lot more. This was the beginning of a marathon, not a sprint, and you shouldn't put any aspect of your life on pause until you "finish". What kind of doctor do you want to be when you grow up? :) I want to be either a cardiologist or emergency medicine doctor who travels the world (especially Africa) helping people in less privileged settings develop infrastructure and techniques to accommodate the health disparities they face. Want to work with Jide as you prepare your MD applications? ;

Enterprise Rent A Car Sustaining Organizational Learning...

Somma Harris Corporate Culture and Organization Enterprise Rent-a-Car: Sustaining Organizational Learning and a Strong Culture Organizational learning helps companies to maintain adaptability and flexibility in the modern business world. A strong culture teaches employees values, views, purpose, belonging, and sense of identity, Enterprise Rent-a-Car strong culture has held the organization together and motivated their employees to do the right thing rather than what is easy. They believe that having a winning culture helps to execute organizational learning and strategy; therefore they take care of employees and customers first, with the expectation that profits will follow. Culture is necessary during the formation of any company. This is where the essential components of the organization’s culture are embedded in the structure and major processes of the organization. Enterprise Rent-A-Car made sure to do this from the beginning, when the company was just operating out of a garage. They developed a cultural compass that tackles business ethics, public affairs and philanthropy, workplace equality, diversity and inclusion, and operations. The cultural compass has helped them shape the best employees to operate the business. Enterprise Rent-a-Car believes that an inclusive workplace helps the company attract and retain the best talent in the market. Inclusion is about understanding and embracing differences in ways that drive innovation, connecting the company moreShow MoreRelatedResources Capabilities20336 Words   |  82 Pagesconsumer information, brand name, reputation, and corporate culture, are invaluable to the ï ¬ rm’s competitive power. In fact, these invisible assets are often the only real source of competitive edge that can be sustained over time. —HIROYUKI ITAMI, MOBILIZING INVISIBLE ASSETS You’ve gotta do what you do well. —LUCINO NOTO, FORMER VICE CHAIRMAN, EXXON MOBIL OUTLINE l Introduction and Objectives l The Role of Resources and l Organizational Capabilities Classifying Capabilities The ArchitectureRead MoreStrategic Management and Information Systems19841 Words   |  80 PagesChapter 3 Information Systems, Organizations, and Strategy LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify and describe important features of organizations that managers need to know about in order to build and use information systems successfully. 2. Evaluate the impact of information systems on organizations. 3. Demonstrate how Porter’s competitive forces model and the value chain model help businesses use information systems for competitive advantage. 4.Read MoreIsis Paper13397 Words   |  54 PagesOperational Research Society Ltd. All rights reserved 0960-085X/99 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/ejis Information management in the global enterprise: an organising framework J Peppard Information Systems Research Centre, Cranï ¬ eld School of Management, Cranï ¬ eld, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK Much has been written over the last decade on managing global enterprises. While the predominant concern of this literature has been strategic in orientation, the management of information is a neglected area. By drawingRead MoreTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 Pages21 2 Laura Ashley Holdings plc: The Battle for Survival 26 3 The US Airline Industry in 2002 33 4 DaimlerChrysler and the World Automobile Industry 41 5 Wal-Mart Stores Inc., May 2002 49 6 Eastman Kodak: Meeting the Digital Challenge 62 7 Organizational Restructuring within the Royal Dutch/Shell Group 70 8 Harley-Davidson, Inc., January 2001 77 9 Online Broking Strategies: Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab and E*Trade 83 10 11 12 Emi and the CT Scanner [A] [B] 88 Rivalry in Video Games 98 BirdsRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagessystem. The review identified as advancement in the management field and growing complexity in corporate sectors demand more capable HR, so mare appraisal of employee’s performance is not sufficient. Employee’s contribution should be aligned with organizational objectives and strategy. Performance management eliminates the shortcomings of performance appraisal system to the some extent. Keywords: Human resource (HR), HR development, performance appraisal, performance management, performance evaluationRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pag esefficiencies by streamlining those processes, upgrading document technologies and finding better ways for people and their resources to work together. For example, our document assessments examine workflow and technology compatibility across your enterprise. Once our analysis is done, we offer a comprehensive range of document services and outsourcing to optimize your assets and improve business performance. Our methods have helped Owens Corning, InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) and others realizeRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstructure 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Learning objectives The nature of marketing The management process Strategic decisions and the nature of strategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectivenessRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesmore sophisticated insights into the complexity of the issues at stake. Although there is more and more talk of the need for relevance and application, the pressures at play are more likely to push in the opposite direction. Rather than building on a strong tradition of really useful relationships between the practical and academic spheres in accounting, I sense that the two worlds have less and less to do with one another. It is therefore ever more important to reflect on the contributions which MichaelRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreYamaha Motorcycles Is Innovation the Main Driver for Sustaining Competitive Advantage?21109 Words   |  85 PagesYAMAHA  MOTORCYCLES  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  IS  INNOVATION  THE  MAIN  DRIVER   FOR  SUSTAINING  COMPETITIVE  ADVANTAGE?   TABLE  OF  CONTENTS   1.0 ABSTRACT 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1.0 STUDY CONTEXT AND PURPOSE 2.1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND PROCESS 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1.0 THE ROLE OF INNOVATION WITHIN A CORPORATION 3.2.0 CREATING SUSTAINED COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 3.4.0 BUYER BEHAVIOUR 3.4.1 DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION WITHIN BUYER BEHAVIOUR 3.5.0 PROPOSITIONS 4.0 METHODOLOGY 4.1.0 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH 4.1.1 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE

Common Characteristics of the New England Colonies

The North American colonies that were settled by the English are often divided into three different groups: the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies. The New England colonies consisted of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. These colonies shared many common characteristics that helped define the region. The following is a look at these key characteristics. Physical Characteristics of New England All of the New England colonies had been covered by ice during the last Ice Age, which created poor, rocky soil. The final melt-back of the glaciers left some of the rocky areas peppered with large boulders.Rivers are fairly short and their floodplains are narrow, unlike in other areas of America, and do not allow for the creation of huge agricultural plots along their banks.The major resources available and used by the colonists were lumber and fish. The People of New England The New England region was an area of mostly homogeneous culture, mostly settled by large groups of people from England who were fleeing religious persecution or seeking new opportunities.The New England colonists settled in towns, typically surrounded by 40 square miles of land that were farmed by the individuals who lived in the towns.Indigenous Native American groups such as the Pequot in Connecticut were involved in extensive trading with the Dutch, but the situation became tense when the English started arriving in the 1630s. Britain launched the Pequot War in 1636–1637, after which many Pequot were executed and many survivors were sold into slavery in the Caribbean. In 1666 and 1683, Connecticut colony built two reservations for the remaining Pequot. Major Occupations in New England Agriculture:  Farms surrounding the farms were not terribly fertile. As a group, the farmers brought a high degree of mechanical ingenuity and self-sufficiency.Fishing:  Boston began exporting fish in 1633. In 1639, Massachusetts Bay was exempted from paying taxes on fishing boats; and as a result, by 1700, the fishing industry was huge. The colonists obtained crustaceans and pelagic fish from saltwater bays and freshwater rivers, and Pilgrim fathers also hunted right whales off Cape Cod.Commerce:  Individuals from the New England area were heavily involved in commerce. Extensive trade with England allowed ship holders to flourish, and the New Englanders also maintained lucrative trade connections with the West Indies and French colonies to the north. New England Religion Calvinism and the Social Contract Theory: Many individuals who lived in the New England area were Calvinists or heavily influenced by John Calvins works and thought. While many look at John Locke as the primary founder of the idea of the social contract (which defined proper government as an agreement or contract between the individuals to join together into a society), the Calvinist doctrine was one of the first to espouse the idea in England. The fact that many New England settlers followed the religious doctrines of John Calvin meant that this theory was part of their religious heritage. Further, this belief in the importance of social contracts transferred to economic contracts as well.A Belief in Predestination:  One of the tenets of Calvinism is the idea of predestination. This was the belief that God had already predetermined everything, including who was going to heaven and who to hell. The idea that God had chosen the British colonies for a special destiny  to take the N orth American continent and develop and maintain an ideal of liberty and democracy later fed into 19th century manifest destiny.Congregationalism:  This style of religion means that the church itself was governed by its own members, and the congregation chose its own minister, rather than being assigned one by a hierarchy.Intolerance:  While the Puritans might have escaped England due to religious persecution, they did not come to America to establish religious freedom for all. They wanted to be free to worship the way they wished. In Massachusetts Bay colony, people who did not subscribe to the colony religion were not allowed to vote, and nonconformists such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were excommunicated from the church and banished from the colony. The Spread of the New England Population The small towns only lasted a few years, as the populations outgrew the 40-acre supporting fields. That resulted in the rapid increase of many new small towns: instead of having a few large metropolises, New England was dotted with many smaller towns that were established by breakaway groups. This low-intensity settlement pattern lasted until the 1790s when a transition to commercial agriculture and small-scale industry began. In essence, during its first few decades, New England was an area that had been founded by a fairly homogeneous population, most of whom shared common religious beliefs. Because the region lacked huge tracts of fertile land, the area turned to commerce and fishing as their main occupations, though individuals within towns still worked small plots of land in the surrounding area. Slavery did not become an economic necessity in New England, as it grew to be in the Southern colonies. This turn to commerce would have a major impact many years later after the founding of the United States when questions of states rights and slavery were being discussed. Sources and Further Reading Carroll, Charles F. The Timber Economy of Puritan New England. Providence: Brown University Press, 1973.Foster, David R. Land-Use History (1730-1990) and Vegetation Dynamics in Central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80.4 (1992): 753–71.Foster, David R., Glenn Motzkin, and Benjamin Slater. Land-Use History as Long-Term Broad-Scale Disturbance: Regional Forest Dynamics in Central New England. Ecosystems 1.1 (1998): 96–119.Scott, Donald M. The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny. Divining America: Religion in American History. National Humanities Center.  Silliman, Stephen W. Change and Continuity, Practice and Memory: Native American Persistence in Colonial New England. American Antiquity 74.2 (2009): 211–30.Stout, Harry S. The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.  Yankee Whaling. New Bedford Whaling Museum, 2016.

A Look into Hinduism Essay example - 763 Words

Many foreigners cannot know what makes Hinduism so strange. Hinduism lacks an uniting belief system and many people do not know faithfully what makes up the Hindu religious belief. After one goes in-depth concerning Hinduism, one must be familiar with the fundamental details about this difficult religion. Do you realize that almost 80 percent of the India people find themselves being Hindus? Hinduism is in addition known as the Sanatana-Dharma, which means everlasting religion. Hinduism is the third leading religion following Christianity and Islam and has no one initiator, teacher, or spiritualist and it is not an unconvinced religion. All through this article, I will look further in-depth on what makes up the Hindu religion what†¦show more content†¦An alternative hypothesis that defines the Hindu religion is the paths of life to be followed, which are Karmamarga, Jnanamarga, and Bhaktimarga. The first method is of behavior and performance, the second is the path of knowledge, and the third is the path of devotion to God. These three paths have to be equally supported throughout one’s life in order to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirth. I will explain why it is necessary for Hindus to achieve this balance in following paragraphs. All these concepts make up the worship of Hinduism, and make it what it is today. In many religions, cultural and societal power plays a crucial role in the religion. In Hinduism, the biggest impact is the caste system. This caste system is described in one of the three sacred texts, called the Vedas. The four castes are- the Brahmans, the Vaishyas, the Shudras, and the Kshatriyas. These things are needed to keep up human society. Along with upholding this, level system approach maintaining proper husbandry and upholding all religious practices regard â€Å"puja.† Doing these things influences Hinduism to the region it originated. These things are crucial to maintaining the cultural an d religious practices of Hinduism. In Hinduism, the ultimate goal is to attain freedom from material existence. This means to have a fulfilled life and finally be able to mingle with the creator, which essentially means to overcome the viscous cycle ofShow MoreRelatedA Closer Look : Hinduism1430 Words   |  6 PagesGarcia Professor Bullen REL 2121 April 8, 2015 A Closer Look: Hinduism In particular ways, Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world; or at least there are aspects of Hinduism that have extended to today from many thousands of years ago. It is not easy defining Hinduism for it has boundless assortments of practices and beliefs found within it. To make it a bit easier to comprehend, they but meaning behind the first part of the word Hinduism, which is Hindu. Hindu can be a cultural political andRead MoreTaking a Look at Hinduism970 Words   |  4 Pagesafterlife; illuminated by various rules and regulations that one must follow to reach enlightenment. Hinduism, on the other hand, is much more complex, offering multiple ways to achieve moksha and providing many answers to the ancient question of â€Å"what happens after we die?† Many people think that Hindus believe in many deities, but the Hindu concept of God is much broader than that. In fact, Hinduism itself encompasses much more than just one specific set of religious beliefs. While some H indus believeRead MoreTaking a Look at Hinduism618 Words   |  2 PagesPart I Hinduism is a religion that is practiced by many. It has many beliefs and there are several different Gods as well as rituals. They worship in a sacred way that is done to show respect towards their beliefs. In this paper I will be discussing and giving brief descriptions on each of these things to give you a better understanding of Hinduism and how the religion is practiced. Part II Originally Hinduism began in India and it is one of the oldest religions around. Unlike most religions thatRead MoreChristianity And Hinduism : A Theological Perspective1391 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking at Christianity and Hinduism there are many ways to look at each religion from a theological perspective. This is why the best way to look at the broad view of these religions would be to analyze each by comparing and contrasting what each religion is about. The first point to look at would be at how Hinduism and Christianity are very similar in how they view the world. This can be seen in how they both strive to achieve a state of higher being whether it be with the eternal stateRead MoreComparison of Hinduism to Christianity 703 Words   |  3 PagesHinduism is one of the earliest religons that is still practiced around the world. It seeks to answer the same questions that Christianity does, but arrives at different answers. It seeks truth, but fails to find it. Hinduism seeks to ask the question of where do we come from? This question is not easily answerable. Because of the nature of Hinduism, everything is in a cycle. There is no beginning and there is no end. Hinduism also does not have a set of defined rules because of it’s views on multipleRead MoreHinduism Is An Umbrella Term For A Group Of Similar Religions1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe word Hinduism is not the name of one religion, rather Hinduism is an umbrella term for a group of similar religions. Hinduism is very diverse, and it is more like a family of religions instead of just a single religion. Within Hinduism there is an extraordinarily wide and diverse range of beliefs and practices from which all Hindus can choose. As a whole, Hinduism is the entire complex of beliefs and institutions that have appeared from the time of the ancient scriptures to now. Hinduism is veryRead MoreHinduism and Budhism: Two of the World ´s Largest Religions1201 Words   |  5 Pagesmain religions that are recognized as having the largest population of followers.(Major) Of these, there are some that are not recognized as or do not fall under the definition of religion in their countries of origin. Two of these Religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. While some do not see these as extremely prominent, they are pinocle belief systems in the Asian continent, with over 1 billion followers all together. (Feldhaus) These two religions along with few other traditional Asian belief systemsRead MoreBuddhism and Hinduism Worldview Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesI. Part One: Hinduism The Question of Origin is answered by the Hinduism Worldview as â€Å"everything has always been in existence and is a part of god† (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). A part of the worldview is that the universe and god is one in the same thing. Hinduism believes that itself has always existed, that it did not have a creator. God is viewed as an infinite, impersonal force (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). The Question of Identity is answered by the Hinduism Worldview as everythingRead MoreEssay on The Unique Hindu Gods876 Words   |  4 PagesHinduism is a very old and traditional Indian religion that dates back to sacred texts written between 900 and 400 BCE. The book, Upanishads, which literally means to sit beneath, reflects the deeper meanings of Hinduisms and are reflections of early information found in Vedic writings. From the outside, Hinduism is not only very unique and different, but also can be very confusing and complex. Individuals not familiar with polytheism or who have practiced monotheism may have a hard time understandRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religion

African American And The Civil War - 876 Words

In 1865, when the civil war ended in America and slavery was abolished, the African American population in the South faced many challenges related to their new found freedom. Following the post-Civil War Reconstruction period, white supremacy resurfaced in the South (AE Television, 2015). Beginning in the early 1900s through 1970 there was a mass exodus of African American s from South to North America. Although some African American s were known to have moved from the South as early as 1850, there were two major waves during the 1900s (AE, 2015; Gates, Jr., 2013). Prior to 1900 and following the slavery abolishment, civil rights issue among African American in the South were significant (Tindall Shi, 2013). Segregation, violence, and even underground forms of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) remained a fear for African American s in the South. In 1892, Homer Plessy was arrested on an East Louisiana Railroad train and charged with violating Louisiana segregation laws in Plessy vs. Fergus on (CRF, 2015). Violence and lack of segregation control resulted in the legal establishment of the Jim Crow Laws which were recognized as separate but equal rights for African American s. Jim Crow was slang or a nickname for a black man during this time (CRF 2015). The 1902 Virginia Constitution, put provisions in place to prevent African Americans from qualifying as voters, these provisions includes screening tests and poll taxes (Crew, 2014). There were a number of conditionsShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And The Civil War1076 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout history African Americans have had is bad in the United States. First they went through slavery which lasted about two hundred year and was ended around the Civil War which was in the 1860s-1870s. Next after they went through slavery they went through the law of Jim Crow that started after the Civil War which stated, â€Å"Separate but Equal†, and that was not the case because African Americans were still tre ated as second class citizens. After about ninety years around the 1960s Dr. MartinRead MoreAfrican Americans and the Civil War774 Words   |  4 PagesEssay African Americans and the Civil War Slavery affected many of the political reasons that contributed to causing the Civil War in 1961. Most in the Northern states including President Lincoln were more concerned with preserving the Union rather than fighting for the freedom of all. On the other hand the South fought to preserve what they believed to be absolute state rights. However the overall goals of the war were altered significantly by the willingness of African Americans during war. ThisRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1449 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the Civil War began, they wanted to take part in fighting to free all slaves. At the end of the civil war passed the civil rights act that gave citizenship to people that are born in the united states, years later African American men were given the right to vote. This might give equal rights but African Americans are still being discriminated. Almost century later, African Americans are still being discriminated. They got jobs and their kids go to school, but more notice that it wasn t rightRead MoreThe Civil War On African Americans Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe years preceding the Civil War were monstrous for African Americans located in the South of the country. Northerners and Southerners would argue that their visions of how society is structured is the right way and should be expanded throughout the nation. Southerners claimed that slavery is okay, and it’s a positive labor system. On the contrary, Northerners claim that laborers should be paid by wage, men should have equal opportunities, and slaves should gain freedom. The four most significantRead MoreThe Civil War Of African Americans1010 Words   |  5 Pagescentury. For an African American, the word â€Å"life† evolved from a word that meant absolutely nothing, to a word that stood for an individual’s highest commodity. After the c ivil war, emancipation for slaves transformed from a dream to a reality. Although the civil war finally ended in 1865 after four years of fighting, certain citizens and groups across the nation still remained in a state if disagreement with the freedom granted to African Americans. The years after the civil war revolutionizedRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1309 Words   |  6 PagesIn the summer of 1619, the first Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia not to live as free settlers but as subordinate slaves. They worked strenuously for Whites, who considered themselves superior to Africans, without much benefit. Racism is not just the belief that one race is superior to others, but the act of negatively identifying individuals based on the color of their skin. Attributing race to individual character has proven to have negative implications that are difficult to mend.Read MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical backdrop of the United States, African Americans have dependable been victimized. When Africans first came to America, they had no choice but to be slaves. The progressed toward becoming slaves to the rich, covetous, lethargic Americans. African Americans had given no compensation and regularly whipped and beaten. They battled for their opportunity, yet when the Civil War came African Americans had this logic that if they were to join the Civil War they could liberate all slaves. HoweverRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War859 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery, predominately in the American South, African-Americans were finally set free from bondage. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments quickly followed, granting citizenship to â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† and granting African American men the right to vote, respectively. Naturally, Americans denoted these momentous legislative feats, collectively packaged as the Reconstruction Amendments, as a means o f celebration for African-Americans. However, in order to rectifyRead MoreAfrican Americans in the Civil War1971 Words   |  8 PagesAnderson HIST 3060 February 25, 13 African Americans and the Civil War The role African Americans played in the outcome, and the road to the outcome of the Civil War was immense. The fact that the south had slaves and the north did not played an enormous role in the issues. The north wanted to abolish slavery, and the south did not and after the war started this became one of the main reasons for the Civil War. Since most African Americans could not read or write, this made them an easyRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War971 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the civil war African Americans hoped that the world they lived in would be an equal one; little did they know they had more struggles to conquer. Three major amendments were passed to provide African Americans with equality; the 13th amendment officially and finally put an end to slavery and any future involuntary servitude, the 14th amendment states that colored men and women were given citizenship, and the 15th amendment gave black men the right to vote. Although these amendments were passed

Report for Ergonomic-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a Report for Ergonomic Solutions for Arthritic Workers. Answer: Introduction: The report is prepared to be presented to the board of directors of Amazing Suppliers that has been introducing change in work shift of their warehouse staffs. Amazing Suppliers is a large organization that supplies wide range of goods that they sell it through online channel. Since the demand of products sold is quite high, it has been decided that in some areas. Twenty hour of working would be introduced and this shift system would be majorly impacting warehouse staffs. Report intends to analyse the impact of extended, overtime and long working hours and challenges faced by organization. Twenty four working hours for the warehouse staffs would adversely affecting the health and wellbeing of employees. Long working hours are potentially dangerous to health of workers. Long working hours comes with the challenge and risk of occupational illness and injuries. Challenges can be faced relating to work life balance and workers might face psychological issues due to long extended working hours. They would face changes sleeping and eating phase. Another issue is faced in terms of inefficiency in the performance of workers due to disruption of circadian rhythm combined with fatigue and sleep deficit. Organization would have lower efficiency of performance for warehouse staffs. Long working shift would case long-term effects concerning health and higher social and economic cost for both organization and society as a whole (Broberg and Hall-Andersen 2014). On other hand, twelve hour working shift can be tiring for administrative staffs. Nonetheless, it does not comes with several challenges as it incorporates a well-balanced workloads and frequent rest pauses. Findings: From the above discussion, it is ascertained that extended working hours comes with several health issues faced by employees. Fatigue is one of the common complain among the workers who are working for abnormal hours. It is noticeable after the night shift of workers and least on the afternoon shift. This particular issue faced by workers is somewhat difficult to measure Secondly, it will lower efficient performance of employees due to long-term impact on health. In this particular section, the application of concept of ergonomics is discussed in relation to challenges faced due to shift in working hours. Another issue that is faced by workers is that twenty hour working shift has a relevant intervene with family and social life. This would result in psychosomatic disorders and psychological stress. Great difficulties would be faced by warehouse staff of organization in combing working and social times (Haslam and Waterson 2013). In relation to complexity of personal duties, family t ime, coordination of workers with family time table will become difficult. Ergonomics or factor of human application have been ascertained to positively affect the performance of workers, satisfaction and health and safety of workers. This would impact the overall performance of organization in both direct and indirect way. Ergonomics is a scientific approach that is related to the understanding of interaction among human and other elements of a system. Organization practicing ergonomics contributes to evaluation and designing of tasks jobs, environment, system and products so that it is compatible with the abilities, needs and limitation of people. Implementation of criteria of ergonomics would help in minimizing the adverse impact of change in shifting schedules and leading to better place for working (Hignett et al. 2013). The schedule of shifting is required to be designed in accordance with ergonomic criteria. From the discussion of this particular section, it is inferred that organisation has difficulties in measuring issues such as fatigue. Fatigue that are caused to workers due to long hour of works can be measures using some methods or tools of analysis such as Cognitive testing, multi latency test and Epworth Sleepiness scale. It would help in minimizing the adverse impacts of shift schedule by limiting the impacts, lessening the stress, avoiding consecutive number of prolonged night shifts, minimizing accumulation of sleep deficits, circadian disruption and fatigue. Excess of consecutive working days and prolonged working hours are connected with increased risk of ergonomics related injuries. Ergonomics issues is associated with sleep deprivation and lost workdays due to this continuous work shift. Sleep deprivation might lead to damage in terms of ligament, muscle and tendon injury. This leads to increased risk of ergonomic injuries. It has been found from previous research that twe lve hour working shift is not regarded as inherently damaging health and employees and they are not regarded as dangerous for employees health. Excess working hours is shouldered injuries due to unsatisfactory leisure time (Franssila et al. 2016). Some of the guidelines according to ergonomics for designing the shifting system are as follows: Slowly rotating system is not considered better compared to quickly rotating shifting system as they assist in minimizing the cumulative sleep deficit extent and have less interference with circadian rhythms (Young et al. 2015). Permanent night shift of twenty four hour shift is permitted only for warehouse staffs and they should be guaranteed with highest level of safety by making complete adjustment to night work schedule. Pro longed working shift needs to be contemplated when there is suitability in the work load and workers should be provide with sufficient rest. Shift system is designed in such a way that helps in minimizing the exposure to toxic substances and fatigue accumulation. In order to meet preferences and needs of workers, organization should promote flexible working arrangement. For reduction of truncation of sleep, organisation should avoid early start of morning shift and consequently the reduction of risk of errors and fatigue. The shifting system soul be regular and free weekend should be guaranteed and this would assist warehouse staffs in conveniently enjoying their leisure and social time. There should be clockwise rotation as it is parallel to endogenous circadian rhythm and it helps in avoiding quick changeovers and leading to immediate recovery by allowing longer rest periods. The balance in work life for employees working in organization is placing increased importance in ergonomics. This concept consider accounting for both diversities among individuals and group of workers. There are many effective guidelines for instilling practice of ergonomics within the working environment. Improvement in implementation of ergonomics will help in reducing the risk related to injury of occupation. Practice of ergonomics provide with positive benefits such as improved health and keeping workers healthy (Martin et al. 2013). Now, discussing the concepts of ergonomics in relation to lower worker efficiency. It is done in terms of increased productivity resulting from increasing effectiveness of workers or warehouse and administrative staffs. Workers are able to accomplish their tasks efficiently when they have more energy and feel stronger in the environment where they are working. Positive ergonomic techniques is employed by organization is establishment of rules that helps in facilitating health of employees (Yang et al. 2015). Risks of employee injuries and health issues can be reduced by Amazing Suppliers by adhering to the principles of ergonomics. Productivity among warehouse and administrative staffs of organization will be improved by opting for best ergonomic solution. Workstation will be made more efficient by designing job in good posture and better heights and reaches. Comfort level of employees is considerably influenced by the office ergonomics. Application of this concept helps in designing job in such a way that work is safer and efficient (Falzon 2014). Workers and staffs of Amazing Suppliers would have increased productivity and would feel the comfort in performing jobs by implementing solution of ergonomics. Measuring of various health issues faced by employees due to long working hours: Epworth sleepiness scale- It is a self-rating scale on eight items and helps in assessing the likelihood of employees of falling sleep. The likelihood of falling asleep is rated on scale ranging from 0 to 3. 3 indicates high chance of falling asleep and 0 indicates no chance of falling asleep. Greater sleep propensity is reflected by higher scores and total score ranges from 0 to 24. Employees complaining excessive day time sleepiness would score 12 or higher. In this way, Amazing Suppliers can the measure the fatigue of employees (Walker et al. 2017). Multi latency test- Multi latency test is a tool of diagnosing sleep disorder. This particular tool is used in measuring sleep latency that is time elapsed from the start of nap during day time to the first sign of sleep. The idea that forms the basis of sleep is that people will asleep faster when they are feeling sleepy. This test is used for making distinction between excessive day time sleepiness and physical tiredness. This test is applied in working environment for assessing the readiness of person to fall asleep in a conducive setting. Multi latency test helps in measuring the fatigue level of employees (Hanson 2013). Cognitive testing methods- Cognitive testing is a psychological testing that helps in evaluation of functional capacity of an individual employees. This particular testing relies on measuring performance of tasks for assessing cognitive functioning and this leads to severity of cognitive impairment establishment. It is the primary way for establishing severity of cognitive impairment (Dekker et al. 2013). Employment of all the measures of testing would help organization in evaluating the impact of the shifting hours on wellbeing and performance of employees. Discussion of solutions and anticipated challenges: Solution for all the anticipated challenge faced due to shifting of working hours: Fatigue- Heavy physical work helps in reducing fatigue among employees. Warehouse staffs would be working for twenty four hours that will increase chance of fatigue. Engaging workers in heavy physical work would leads to fatigue reduction (Zink and Fischer 2013). Organization of physical work should be done or organized in a way that will help to minimize the fatigue faced by workers. Sleep disorder-Organization does not have any magic formulae for making workers fall asleep and one formula might work for one person and might not for another person. Workers working throughout day and night are provided with some useful proposals to help them in curbing sleeping problems. Reduction of outside noise and light by using dark and heavy curtains, sound proof doors, air conditioners and windows. Making use of individual headphones on radio and televisions and silent answering phone machines Workers should be provided with the option of moving towards the quieter living areas if the existing living area if nosier. Warehouse staffs should be encouraged not to consume alcohol so that they are able to asleep faster and should give them time to slow down after work. Optimizing shifting system- There is not optimal shift timing and the managers in organization is required to seek the best compromise between needs of workers and demand of enterprise. The decision of shifting system should be founded on the scientific recommendations for shift system designing. For the acceptance of new shift system, one of the factor that is of particular importance is implementation strategy. Amazing Suppliers should incorporate the guideline for implementing new working arrangement. Comparison of normal person and person working for longer hours: Normal person Person working for longer hours Normal persons working in organization does not face any issue of sleep deficit and fatigue. Person working for longer hours faces several health issues such as fatigue and tiredness. This causes an increased need for sleep among workers. Workers working on normal shift timings does not face health issues relating to sleep and appetite. Twenty four hour shift would lead to change in timing and meal sequence and there is a high probability that these workers would suffer from appetite disturbances (Tillman et al. 2016). Normal working hours helps in maintaining efficiency and productivity level among employees. This helps in enhancing the performance of employees. Workers working for prolonged hours is associated with lower level of productivity and efficiency. This ultimately lower the performance of employees within organization. Plan to roll out new working hours for warehouse staffs: Implementation of procedures for introducing new shifting hours that is working for twenty four hours would adversely affect the warehouse staffs. The adverse impact would be in terms of health, performance and productivity of employees. In this regard, amazing suppliers have to roll out new procedures as a response to negative or adverse impact on warehouse staffs. Procedures should be regarding the minimizing the adverse impact on staffs and increasing productivity by rolling out new working hours. The roll out of new working procedures should be structured in such a way that health of workers are not compromised (Thatcher 2013). It is suggested by growing evidence that twenty four hour working is bad for health and safety of employees. Fatigue workers are more likely to commit errors and mistakes that may have serious repercussions on individual employees and organization as a whole. New working hours should provide guidelines for shift design and working environment. Shifting design guidelines: Amazing Suppliers should plan an appropriate and varied workload Avoiding permanent night shifts by offering warehouse staffs a choice of rotating or permanent shifts. Organization should either adopt a forward rotating shift or either rotating shift every two to three shifts. Workers should be encouraged to take regular breaks and allow them to take choice when they need it. Twenty four hour working should be not on continuous basis and there should be the adoption of switching between shifts by allowing them two night full sleep. Shift schedule should incorporate building of regular free weekends. In the extended case, shift timing for warehouse workers and administrative should be limited to twelve hour shift. This can be extended to extra working hours when there is increased demand for work. Needs of vulnerable workers should be considered such as ageing workers, expecting mothers and young workers. Working environmental guidelines: Warehouse staffs should be provided with similar facilities as those available during day time workers such as administrative staffs. Workers should be provided with the opportunities of training and development and canteen facilities (Kroemer and Kroemer 2016). Amazing suppliers should ensure that lighting and temperature during night is preferably adjustable and appropriate. Information and training on riskiness of shift work should be provided so that management and supervisors are able to identify the problems. Workers working for prolonger hours including night shift should be provided with health assessments. Organization should ensure that surrounding and workplace is safe, secure and well monitored. During period of low alertness, there should be increased supervision. Conclusion From the analysis of the given case study on Amazing Suppliers that is facing with the increased demand of their products, is opting for twenty four working for warehouse staffs. It can be inferred from the analysis of the given case that introduction of twenty four working would have adverse effect on health and wellbeing of employees. Working procedures roll out should be designed in such a way that health of workers are not compromised at any cost as it is the society and organization that would bear the costs. Introduction of twelve hour working shift for administrative staffs does not have much impact on their health issues as there would not be disruption in their work life balance. Adverse impact on employees relating to health issues such as fatigue can be measured by the implementation of analytical tool and tests such as cognitive testing and multi-lateral testings. Amazing Suppliers should design their roll out structures in such a way that health of employees are not comp romised. References list: Broberg, O. and Hall-Andersen, L.B., 2014. Integrating ergonomics into engineering design: The role of objects. Dekker, S.W., Hancock, P.A. and Wilkin, P., 2013. Ergonomics and sustainability: towards an embrace of complexity and emergence. Ergonomics, 56(3), pp.357-364. Falzon, P. ed., 2014. Constructive ergonomics. CRC Press. Franssila, H., Okkonen, J. and Savolainen, R., 2016. Developing measures for information ergonomics in knowledge work. Ergonomics, 59(3), pp.435-448. Hanson, M.A., 2013. Green ergonomics: challenges and opportunities. Ergonomics, 56(3), pp.399-408. Haslam, R. and Waterson, P., 2013. Ergonomics and sustainability. Hignett, S., Carayon, P., Buckle, P. and Catchpole, K., 2013. State of science: human factors and ergonomics in healthcare. Ergonomics, 56(10), pp.1491-1503. Kroemer, A.D. and Kroemer, K.H., 2016. Office Ergonomics: Ease and Efficiency at Work. CRC Press. Martin, K., Legg, S. and Brown, C., 2013. Designing for sustainability: ergonomicscarpe diem. Ergonomics, 56(3), pp.365-388 Thatcher, A., 2013. Green ergonomics: definition and scope. Ergonomics, 56(3), pp.389-398. Tillman, B., Tillman, P., Rose, R.R. and Woodson, W.E., 2016. Human Factors and Ergonomics Design Handbook Third Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. Walker, G.H., Salmon, P.M., Bedinger, M. and Stanton, N.A., 2017. Quantum ergonomics: shifting the paradigm of the systems agenda. Ergonomics, 60(2), pp.157-166. Wilson, J.R., 2014. Fundamentals of systems ergonomics/human factors. Applied ergonomics, 45(1), pp.5-13. Yang, Y., Thomas, K., Stumpf, T., Starr, C., Le, Q.V. and Johnson, A.E., The Boeing Company, 2015. Ergonomics awareness chairs, systems, and methods. U.S. Patent Application 14/866,569. Young, M.S., Brookhuis, K.A., Wickens, C.D. and Hancock, P.A., 2015. State of science: mental workload in ergonomics. Ergonomics, 58(1), pp.1-17. Zink, K.J. and Fischer, K., 2013. Do we need sustainability as a new approach in human factors and ergonomics?. Ergonomics, 56(3), pp.348-356.

Understanding Economy Efficiency Incidence -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understanding Economy Efficiency Incidence? Answer: Introduction: The activities of research and development provides the listed with the opportunity of availing tax incentives and simultaneously encourages the companies in indulging in the activities of research and development. According to the Australian taxation office listed companies that executes the activities of scientific research and development is entitled of receiving tax incentives[1]. For listed companies the activities of research and development has two core constituents. The first constituent is related with the obtaining the tax incentives relating to some kind of eligible entities that have annual turnover over more than $20 million whereas the second constituents is related with the non-refundable tax offsets for the companies that are eligible for obtaining tax incentives. A noteworthy factor concerning the research and development is that it enables the listed companies in obtaining the tax offset for that are conducting the eligible research and development by reducing the tax liabilities of the firm[2]. The tax offset usually ranges from 38.5% to 43.5% which is obtainable in respect of the cost occurred by the companies on the activities depending upon the annual turnover of the firm. Discussion: According to the Taxation Ruling of TR 92/2, a business under section 73A of the act is entitled to claim allowable deductions for the scientific research and development performed by the entity[3]. The Taxation Ruling of 92/2 lay down the description in respect of the forms of expenses that is occurred by the listed companies in performing the research and development scientific in nature would be regarded as an allowable deductions under section 73A (1) of the ITAA 1936. It is worth mentioning that the deductions for tax purpose would be only considered allowable for the listed companies under the subsection 73A (1) and the expenditure cannot be considered as allowable under any other section. For listed companies an allowable deductions can be claimed if the expenses is occurred on carrying out the scientific research and development and the payment is made to the approve research institute. In other words allowable deductions relating to tax can be considered allowable in subsection 73A (1) if the payments is made to the approved research institute that have the objective of undertaking the scientific research related to the categories of tax payer business[4]. For listed companies allowable deductions would be considered allowable given the expenses is occurred by the taxpayer for its business is possessing capital nature and is entirely occurred in conducting the research that is related to the taxpayers business. A noteworthy considered is stated under the Taxation ruling of TR 92/2 no form of permissible deductions would be considered under the subsection 73A (1) if it is made to the bodies that are not approved under the act. The enactment of the section 73A has enabled the taxpayer with the amenities of claiming the allowable tax deductions relating to the expenses occurred on the scientific research and development[5]. Simultaneously this could not have been possible or else been considered as an allowable deduction under section provision of section 51 of the ITAA 1936. The provision of the act evidently puts forward by stating that a listed company or business would not be able claim the allowable deductions given it has met the necessary criteria of section 73A. As stated under the Section 73A (1) of the taxation ruling of TR 92/2, there are namely two types of payment, which are considered as the permissible deductions for listed business. Income tax deductions can be claimed by listed organizations that are performing the business of generating the assessable income[6]. One important factor in this regard is that taxpayers generating the assessable income but not executing the business functions will be barred from claiming allowable deductions. The payments must be made to the institute that are approved by the Australian taxation office. According to the taxation ruling of TR 922 under subparagraph 73A (1) (a)(i) payments that is made by the listed companies with the objective of performing scientific research and development relating to the taxpayers own business would be regarded as the permissible deductions[7]. Payments that is made to the research institute having the purpose of taking the scientific research and development relating to the listed companies shall be treated as the permissible deductions under the subparagraph 73A (1) (a)(ii). The payments are generally in the form charges related to the trade relation of the listed companies that is approved institute or the payments made in relation to the exchange of specific advantage that is available to the listed companies. Paragraph 73A (1) (b) of the Taxation ruling 92/2 is associated to the expenses that is associated to the business. According to the Australian taxation office Paragraph 73A (1) takes into the account the scientific research that are of in-house nature and does not extends to the payments made in contractual form to the non-approved research institutes with the objective of conducting scientific research[8]. As stated under the statutory interpretation the common law of doctrines signifies the interpretation of the statute, which is not vibrant, and the individual taxpayer is necessarily required to consider the words surrounding the provision and ignoring the considerations relating to the provision of isolation. The judgement cited in the case of Federated Engine Drivers and Firemens Association of Australia v The Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (1911) where the federal court have passed their verdict by stating that the appropriate considerations must be paid in ascertaining the re ason of the act. Taking into the account the explanatory memorandum subsection 73A (7) is applicable to the listed companies under circumstances where the sum that is paid to the institutions in carrying out the scientific research before those units are once approved as the research institute[9]. Therefore, an allowable deduction would be available to the listed companies if the activities are approved as the scientific research and development carried out for business purpose in generating the taxable income. At time of carrying out the business, transactions if the companies that are listed reports expenses that are associated with the scientific research and development in generating the taxable income relating to the business would be considered as the permissible deductions[10]. The forms of research and development expenses associated for the scientific purpose is classified under the taxation ruling of TR 921/2 with the objective of ascertaining the income tax effects on the assessable earnings of the firm. The classification of expenditure is listed below; Expenses that are reported by the listed firms in respect of the payment that is made to the ratified scientific institute conducting research. Expenses in the nature of capital reported by the listed firms that are incurred in carrying out the scientific research and development associated to the business. Expenses reported by the listed firms for purchase the plant and equipment that is exclusively put into the use in carrying out the scientific research and development. Capital expenses that is occurred in the purchasing the building or extensions of the building in carrying out the scientific research and development[11]. The taxation ruling of TR 92/2 significantly deals with the first items that are stated above. These relate the payment made for recognizing the scientific institutes and capital expenses occurred for different scientific reasons. Therefore, the assessable income of the listed organizations would be falling by the amount of expenses that are reported for different scientific purposes[12]. This business will claim an acceptable deductions based on the given expenses that occurred for getting invested in research and development activities that improves the overall functions of the firm. The taxpayers should consider two significant business conditions. On the first case in point, the taxpayers will be requiring the execution of business activities that generates assessable income. Secondly, the payment should be made with respect to scientific research and development that is considered for the business activities. Under these circumstances the listed firms in the section 73A (1) should be able to claim the benefit that is given in such a manner that the expenses are made within the scope of the act. The impacts of gaining tax incentive in relation with the expenses on scientific research are in huge number. This capital expenses involved by the business can be availed for debuting the expenses incurred within the plant and machineries related to land or building[13]. The effects highlighted in section 73A (1) under the taxation ruling of TR 92/2 are described as follows; Higher degree of emphasis on the research and development undertakings: With respect to the tax incentives regarding the offer, listed organizations are inspired for spending a bulk amount to the research and development process. This offering of tax incentive, the business firms are provided with opening for using this tax shield offered for taxation authority that lowers the instances of taxable earnings. Leveraging of tax position: The listed organizations those are functioning within the country have spent good amount for conducting the research and development that derives the assessable income which has leveraged the tax position for the management by making the use of the benefits laid down under section 73A (1) of the ITAA 1936. Unlike the other expenses, all the listed organizations are providing with the facilities for setting off the expenditure involved within the research and development processes[14]. All the listed companies can also lower the assessable income and consequently can maintain their position of tax. Increasing the operational efficiency: As organizations are encouraged for spending a good amount for research and development processed related to business, the tax incentives under the taxation ruling of TR 92/2 and under section 73Aof the ITAA 1936 has been applied by the organizations for improving their average performance on multiple terms. Because of these activities, the business performance is improved. Improvement in the overall performance of the listed companies: In consideration with the expenses incurred within the research and development process, the enlisted companies have gained the benefits of improved business functionalities. Subsequently, the entire financial performance of the listed companies has improved more than other organizations. The enlisted organizations mainly aim for undertaking the research and development expenses that strengthen the operational efficiency utilization power of the firm. With respect to the activities of research and development, the operational effectiveness of the considered firms has developed with respect to their financial strength. Compliance with the income tax provision: For obtaining the benefits of tax incentives in relation with the expenses involved within research and development for listed organizations this is required to maintain the provision of ITAA. As these listed firms started adhering to the requirements of tax provisions according to ITAA 1936, this provides the organizations tax incentives as benefits to their financial conditions[15]. Maintenance of appropriate books of accounts: For availing the tax incentive this is important to maintain the appropriate books of account. The listed companies also should be aware of this fact. This will help them to keep track on their expenses. For this adherence, the business will be able to claim necessary income tax benefits. Subsequently, the maintenance of appropriate books of accounts and appropriate tracking of expenses improved the firms to maintain their capabilities regarding the financial development among all the listed firms. Conclusion: This can be concluded that the provision of taxation ruling of 92/2 creates the positive impact on the listed companies. This motivational fact improved the financial basic, which was required for improving the research and development for the business prospects. Accordingly, the operational activities improved the efficiency of the listed companies that arranged their financial strength and ultimately that developed their performance within the firm. Reference List: Blackstone, William and Thomas McIntyre Cooley,Commentaries On The Laws Of England(Callaghan and Cockcroft, 2014) Cao, Liangyue, et al. "Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes."Treasury WP1 (2015). Coleman, Cynthia and Kerrie Sadiq,Principles Of Taxation Law 2013 Cruz, Ana et al,Fundamentals Of Taxation 2014 Gilders, F. M et al,Understanding Taxation Law 2014 Hoffman, William H et al,South-Western Federal Taxation 2014(Cengage Learning, 2012) Kemmeren, Eric,Tax Treaty Case Law Around The Globe, 2014 Kenny, Paul,Australian Tax 2013(LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013) Krever, Richard E,Australian Taxation Law Cases 2013(Thomson Reuters, 2013) Lang, Michael,ECJ - Recent Developments In Direct Taxation 2014(Linde, 2015) Morgan, Annette, Colleen Mortimer and Dale Pinto,A Practical Introduction To Australian Taxation Law(CCH Australia, 2013) Sadiq, Kerrie et al,Principles Of Taxation Law 2014 Snape, John, and Jeremy De Souza.Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge, 2016. Woellner, R. H et al,Australian Taxation Law 2014 Woellner, R. H,Australian Taxation Law 2012(CCH Australia, 2013)