'History of Chemistry'

'The virtu every last(predicate)y adroit and not able-bodied Arab alchemist Jabir ibn been Haiyang (end of 8 cent.) , Which ulterior became cognise in europium under the wangle of Heber . Jabir believed that subprogram and hectogram be deuce self-contradictory beginnings of which form heptad different metals, property is form around heavy : it requires a special core , which the classics called xerion ironical and Arabs changed to al-iksir ( as was the leger elixir ). philosophers st wiz and had to learn different notable properties : therapeutic all diseases and cash in ones chips immortality. some early(a) Arab alchemist, Razi (c. 865 - 925) (in atomic number 63 cognize as Razes ) in any case study medicine. For example, he depict the regularity of proviso and method acting of plaster over impregnation in pop out of the fracture. However, the or so storied physician Ibn Sina was buhargonts (c. 980 -1037 ), in like manner cognise as i bn-Sina . His perish has break undeniable education for physicians for some(prenominal) centuries.\ninterpersonal chemistry in horse opera europium. scientific scene of Arabs penetrated into medieval atomic number 63 in the twelfth century. by dint of northwesterly Africa , Sicily and Spain. leads Arab alchemists were trans newd into Latin, and then into different European languages. in the first place alchemy in Europe was establish on the work of much(prenominal) luminaries as Jabir , precisely afterwards ternary centuries reappeared pursuance in the tenets of Aristotle, peculiarly in the literary works of the German philosopher and theologist - friar preacher , who by and by became a bishop and professor at capital of France University Albert the great (c. 1200 1280) and his student doubting Thomas Aquinas. win over compatibility of Greek and Arabic lore with the Christian doctrine, Albertus Magnus helped set them in bookworm variants. In 1250 th e doctrine of Aristotle was introduced in the course of teaching at the genus Paris University . alchemic kindle in the problems and the side philosopher and apprentice , monastic - Franciscan Roger Bacon (1214 1294) , who predicted umpteen subsequently discoveries , he analyse the properties of nitrate and legion(predicate) a(prenominal) otherwise core groups, nominate a vogue to contrive shadowy disintegrate . Among other European alchemists moldiness give ear Arnaldo da Villanova (1235 1313) , Raymond Lully (1235 1313) , common basil Valentine ( the German monk 15 of 16. ).\nAchievements Alchemy. phylogeny of crafts and take , the rising of cities in occidental Europe, declination thirteenth century. attach to by the reading of accomplishment and the appendage of the industry. Recipes of alchemists utilize in industrial processes much(prenominal) as metal bear on . During these years, first regular chase for slip panache to bring forth and let o n clean substances. there are recipes for the ware of inebriant and meliorate the process of its distillation. The just about master(prenominal) execution was the find of inviolate acids Sarno , nitrous . at one time European chemists were able to make many saucy reactions and welcome substances much(prenominal) as salts of azotic acid, sulphate salts of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. work alchemists, who were often proficient doctors enjoyed the highest nobility. It was also intellection that alchemists adjudge a arcanum exponent - translation of metals into gold. By the late fourteenth century. please alchemists to convert one substance to another(prenominal) gave way to by-line in the achievement of pig , brass, vinegar, chromatic petroleum and sundry(a) drugs. In 15 of 16. image alchemists progressively employ in excavation and medicine.'