Aviation rescue and fire fighting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

aviation rescue and fire fighting - Essay ExampleTechnological advances fuck off on the wholeowed strain Rescue and Fire Fighting to meet the challenges that have come about with its primary liaison of rescuing passengers and the growing use of air transportation and larger aircraft.Aviation Rescue and Firefighting is unique in its intent as at a time of an air crash the members of the Aviation Rescue and Firefighting team construction the intense challenge of rescuing a possible of more than 400 passengers from within the aircraft, whose length could extend to ninety meters and a width of five meters. Starting with normal firefighting equipment and volunteers immediately after the Second World War, Aviation Rescue and Firefighting has taken giant strides to keep with the technological advancements that have caused air transportation to transform dramatically and the size of aircraft also to grow to very large extents. The job function calls for highly trained and trained per sonnel operating with sophisticated firefighting and rescue equipment. (Airport Rescue & Fire Fighting Index).The main objective of Aviation Rescue and Firefighting is to save the life of the entrapped passengers from the burning aircraft and the protection of aircraft and surrounding buildings and vehicle remain a junior-grade objective at the time of an aircraft accident or incident. The fire hazard is extremely high and all times the need for extinguishing fires has to be at the forefront of the activities of the Aviation Rescue and Firefighting. Fires may come on when aircraft land and take off, or during an accident or when rescue operation are put into place. The wear of the fuel tanks of the aircraft could lead to spillage of highly volatile and inflammable aviation fuels and other liquids used by aircrafts. The aviation fuel and inflammable liquids could easily burst into flames by coming in contact with sulfurous metal parts of the aircraft, sparks caused by moving part s of the aircraft or from disruption of the electrical circuits present in the

Working In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Working In Business - Essay ExampleThe values of person tick off the type of flexer the person will give way once he / she reaches the job marketplace. Im a dedicated person that pays attention to details and I understand that in the business arena individualism is not a desired trait. Working with others as a aggroup can erect greater benefits for everyone within an organization. I always give a 100% at everything in life. My pettishness and enthusiasm are traits that are going to sustain me achieve my professional goals. When I start something I commit to it completely until the finish. Perseverance and patience are part of my persona. In life one mustiness realize that hard works pays off and eventually a good worker will get down the recognition the person deserves from the corporate world.During the course I learned a lot about myself. I realize that there are lots areas that I need to improve in order to become a better person. My experience in the classroom also taug ht me about the importance of teamwork. teamwork occurs when group members work together in ways that utilize their skills efficiently to accomplish a purpose (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, p.194). An assessment that helped me agnise the things I have to do to become a better team player are Belbin Team Roles Inventory. Belbins framework helped me realize that within a team setting I can help out the team by conforming my personality into a role that can benefit the team the most. any(prenominal) of the roles include resource investigator, coordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, implementer, and finisher (Belbin, 2001). I realize after learning about Belbin team roles inventory that I usually undertake the role of evaluator. There are new trends in the piece of work that must be understood in order to become a businessperson that can adapt to the changes in the marketplace. Three of these trends are technological progress, increased mobility, and deculturation. Technological

Anthropologists Understanding of Human Health Essay

Anthropologists Understanding of Human Health - Essay ExampleHowever, the appertain of aesculapian anthropologists is to record how communities understood the concept of wellness. Medical anthropologists have explored various ways, which different cultures used to understand the concept of disease and health. First is ecological or epidemiological view. Its concern posits the interaction between innate(p) environment and culture to create pattern of diseases and health (Parker and Harper, 2005123). Second is the critical (applied) medical anthropology view that focuses on how politics and economics affected piece health. Third is interpretive view, which concerns with how culture related some emblematic meaning to understand and describe a disease. Epidemiological Perspective Epidemiology concern is to understand how factors within human population would affect human health. The concern of epidemiologists is to investigate cultural factors that contributed to diseases. These c ultural factors include eating habit, sexual activity, medical practices, work, social interaction and geographical location (Bhasin). The paradox of this anthropological approach is that it cannot be able-bodied to identify the causing factors of these illnesses. However, traditionalists advised their people on what practices were best suitable in relation to health or disease risk. Epidemiologists research a expose cultures indicated that illnesses differ (Sharma and Gautam, 2006143). For instance, blood pressure level research conducted across cultures has indicated that pressure differs. The outcome of the field of honor suggests differences across cultures might be the likable cause. The assumption made through medical ecology is that universal approach is applicable in categorising diseases. Measuring of diseases can take geographical dimension, where changes in pattern of settlement could project the anticipated disease or health outcome. For instance, medical anthropolog ists believe that amount and mapping of haemoglobin is possible in relation to a given geographical region (McElroy, 20029). The study of disease in such area would focus on human physiology in relation to the environment. For instance, a disease such as malaria occurs in a given geographical area. The understanding of this condition is rattling important when it comes to diagnosing of the disease. It is not surprising that the colonial masters that arrived in Africa faced the challenge of Malaria. Ethno medicate The focus of ethno medicine is to explore practices and health beliefs, social powers, and cultural values. The perspective originally focused on the primitive system of life in relation to folk medicine. Today ethno medicine means health maintenance in the society (Elmer, 200427). Understanding the concept of ethno medicine, the beliefs, values, and knowledge of specialists in various communities is important. Since ethno medicine encompasses a number of factors, it gi ves detailed information on how communities interpreted illnesses and the techniques applied in meeting the effects of the illnesses. conventional healers in Indian culture practice the activities alongside biomedicine that a patient in India would seek (Williams, 2006215). The role played by the specialists in the traditional times has not faded, as one would think. Some communities launch inclination to traditional methods as much as they would seek biomedicine. Interpretive Perspective Cultures a cross the globe associate different meaning to issues that

Building a Foundation for the Persuasive Speech Essay

Building a Foundation for the Persuasive dustup - Essay ExampleA speech that is accompanied by evidence drawn from credible sources helps to alter its credibility. In this case, I leave utilize credible sources that can also be easily accessed by the targeted audiences to that they can prove or refute my claims on their own. Essentially, I will strive to use the stovepipe sources in order to convince the speakers some the subject presented.A successful speech is capable of tutelage the audience thinking and learning about the topic presented. I will achieve this through likable to the emotions of the mountain so that they can use their intellect to think deeply about the topic. I will present current evidence drawn from the media in order to comprehend my argument. This will help the targeted audiences to move on on thinking and learning about the topic presented. The third aspect I will rejoinder into consideration when building my speech is to ensure creativity. I will car efully develop my speech in a creative way such that it would appeal to the interests of the targeted people instead of presenting it as a naked speech. I will add some humour in the speech in order to bar monotony. I am convinced that the speaker should avoid boring the listeners since they would easily lose interest in the speech.The fourth step I will take into consideration is to demonstrate that this topic is relevant to the audiences pauperisationfully and interests. The portrayal of women in different media has a significant impact on their behaviour and these images cannot be ignored. I need to demonstrate to the targeted audiences that the media is a powerful tool and it can significantly influence the behaviour of the people in many ways. This topic is relevant to the targeted people since they often find themselves developing negative perceptions about their own appearances. The main reason is that their attitude has been changed by the media but the truth is that the se people only need to be self confident. The fifth step I will take into

The Stagnation of Content in the Making of Movies Essay

The Stagnation of Content in the Making of Movies - Essay modelingWhile some of these films are successful, others are box office failures. Motives for releasing a redo runs the gamut of sparing money, exploiting a popular plot or theme, or capitalizing on the genuine cultural trends. However, they saturate the photographic film market and drown the public in a stagnant pool of rehashed content. We, as a ball club, motif to break outside our own self-inflicted monotony, and let our imagination run rampant once again, or else our society may forever be caught in the endless miasma of mediocre entertainment, and with it, our future forced into daunt drudgery.The propensity of the Hollywood studios to remake a foreign film is exemplified with the cashing in on the pop cultures current cult buzz. A prime example of this phenomenon is the Japanese movie The Ring (1998), which is one of the most wretched and the highest grossing films ever to be released in Japan. Its success spaw ned a series of remakes such as in Korea as The Ring Virus (1999) and in the United States as The Ring (2002). The studios did not have to take the jeopardize of inventing new characters, setting, or plot. They simply moved forward on a tried and true convention that had previously been successful. ... The studios attempt to save money by reproducing more of the same actually resulted in strong losses. While the original Ring grossed $129 million, the sequel The Ring Two pulled in a paltry final examination figure of $75 million in the United States (Japanese Horror Remake). This is evidence that the reckon public can get tired of their fond memories, as movie producers fail to deliver on their promises of enhancing and tastefully paying homage to the previous films by taking short cuts and recycling old ideas. watch a well-made film repeatedly may be far more enjoyable than visual perception it repackaged with unfamiliar actors and different production values. A good example o f this is the Hitchcock film Psycho (1960). This film is so tense and well crafted that the remake has had great difficulty in living up to its expectations. When a remake is released, the public and the critics will naturally compare it to the original version. The critics at Moviefone called Invasion (2007), Nicole Kidmans remake of Invasion of the physical structure Snatchers (1956), ridiculous, overwrought ... and worst of all, boring (Worst Movie Remakes of all Time). Other films such as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, House of Wax, and the planned Evil Dead suffer from the audiences high standards when comparing then to the original. The pecuniary effort to save money on a remake almost assures the public that they will go out nothing new, and probably the best they can hope for is some enhanced technology in the finical effects. The remake of the highly acclaimed Alfie (1966) was remade starring Jude Law, and was panned by critics as, a hollow, cynical shell of the charming

How have you used reflection (during work experience at a preschool) Assignment

How have you used reflection (during work experience at a preschool) to enhance your own practice and how has this impacted upon your own learning and potential development - Assignment ExampleFor example, when I joined the preschool for teaching, I have used reflective thinking in my relationship with the existing provide members of the school. The new environment of the school challenged me because I meet people from different backgrounds and having different personalities. The reflective analytic thinking enabled me to determine which members of the staff were outgoing while some were reserved. Additionally, the reflection allowed me identify the status of ones relationship with other staff members that is if it is conflicting or healthy. Getting along well with other employees is a necessary idea. Therefore, reflection helped me improve my teamwork capabilities and developed positive interpersonal relationship that promotes harmonious existence at preschool (McCabe, 2006)Simil arly, I used the reflective skills in examining the how effective I was in making the children enjoy their propitiate at the school, which I did by evaluating how the children behaved when I interacted with them. I reviewed the instances I have interacted with them whether they were excited or tire during our concussion with them. Additionally, I considered on how they could look forward to our second meeting whether they could enthusiastically wait for the meeting or just be disgusted at the thought of a possible meeting with them. mathematical process in a preschool teaching depends significantly on an individuals ability to capture the circumspection of the kids and make them develop a liking towards the person interacting with them. Therefore, reflective thinking enabled me to improve my effectiveness in making the young learners develop a love for me as well as gain the experience at school. In other words, through reflection one learns the imperative factor that cements ones skills in the field of dealing with children.Nevertheless, I have employed the reflective thinking when evaluating my methods of imparting companionship to the young children.

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - Essay ExampleElliot has used his poetic skill to create a complex character study. He also creates an image of the period with ladies in tenacious skirts tea rooms smoke from chimneys smoggy evenings a man in a morning causa with a high collar cutting into his chin.To nearly extent though the poesy reflects, not vertical the society of the time, but also Elliots own place in it and his rather pessimistic mint of his own situation. In this essay the poem will be considered as to how it reflects his life. Poetry Genius (2014) describes it as being -The lines at the beginning be taken from Dantes Divine Comedy and are mouth by one of the damned souls in hell, Count Guido da Montefeltro, who describes how nobody ever returns from this dead state. Prufrock in this poem may be walking and talking in an earthly city, but in some senses he too is one of the living dead, observing society, yet not quite part of it.Prufrock has a companion, a hear er to whom he says (line1) Let us go then, you and I. It is unclear whether or not this listener is a real companion, or just Prufrock talking to his inner self as an internal monologue in which he describes himself in both negative and positive terms as when he says -So he sees himself as a lesser figure, an attendant upon society, an extra in a film fix perhaps, but with a role nevertheless. He then acts this out, by moving only on the truly edges of society, in this case at the head of the stairs, rather in the room with the women talking about Michelangelo. They are interested in a great and admired artist, so why should women even notice him? flat the soot from the many chimneys falls upon him, making him even more invisible (line 19).The original title for the poem was Prufrock among the women (Cummings, undated). He isnt interacting with them, and seems totally unable to. He is just there at the same time. meter seems to have stood still for him,

Operations Management - Toyota Lean Techniques-Problem Solving Case Coursework - 1

Operations Management - Toyota Lean Techniques-Problem Solving Case - Coursework ExampleDoug Friesen, is confronted by character issues in the berth pays of the Toyota Camry production line. The following questions were posed with the hope of resolving this particular quality issues. The solutions provided herein in response to the questions follow the Toyota Production System.The following are the process by which the root pull in of the problem will be determined. Get as many samples of seats that failed the quality standards. This is to determine the broad and type of quality issues that is encounterring. Another task is to get the quality and production statistics to determine the percentage of fault that is occurring and its frequency. Install quality check processes at strategic points in the manufacturing process to determine if the quality issues occur as a result of one of the processes along the production line. Check if the seat covers storage facility is in accorda nce with the recommended storage environment. Determine if the judicial admission of seat covers is of the correct specification as provided for by the design. Check the quality assurance process during delivery of the seats covers if the actual seat specification is thoroughly check out against the actual delivery.The focus will be on the seat covers quality as they were delivered. Then in the handling, that would include the process by which their quality is checked against the specification when they were delivered. Their storage environment against what has been recommended. Checking the process by which they are being handled as they are transferred for give in the production line.If the error or deficiency is found to have been in the delivery, corrective measures shall be implemented. If the quality issue has been determined to be occurring even before the delivery of the materials intensive investigation shall be conducted at the vendor. Changes in the vendor strategy sha ll also be

Prohibition of alcohol in 1920's Research Paper

prohibition of intoxicant in 1920s - Research Paper ExampleFor this reason, tout ensemble alcoholic beverage was expatriatened indefinitely. From 1920 to 1933 the era called Prohibition did non allow for the drinking, manufacturing, or sale of alcoholic beverages. Despite all of the good intentions that bred Prohibition it was, ultimately, economically rotten and led to side-effects that were ineffective at solving the problems that they hoped to resolve. Background In order to understand the era of Prohibition better it is necessary to be more familiar with what led to what, today, would seem like a sort of drastic law. The Temperance movement was, essentially, a philosophical belief with deep roots in religion. The ideals of the movement, including their hate of alcohol consumption, goes back as far as the mid 1800s over the years the movement gained a following.(Miron, and Zwiebel 2) The Temperance movement is historically linked to the suffrage movement. Women of the time had few worthwhile rights, their husbands could freely go to the bars and drink and then go home and beat their families. For this reason, the temperance movement was primarily back up by women, who were finally standing up for themselves, saw the consumption of alcohol with adding to the mistreatment of women and the breakdown of family morality. Also, Wayne Bidwell Wheeler has been called a genius behind much of the prohibition movement. He contributed to the founding of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893. His strategy was to hold in the movement on the road and go state by state, spreading the principles behind the Temperance movement. finally he and the movement had enough support among voters that he was able to sway the vote in the 1916 election. temporary hookup the supporters were celebrating their success, bar owners and breweries began shutting their doors and selling their alcohol inventories. In 1920, the 18th Amendment went into effect. The amendment banned all intoxic ating beverages.(Okrent 2) In July of that same year the United States became a dry country, at least, legally it did. The Volstead Act, passed, as well, which defined that the ban would apply to any beverage with more than 0.5% alcohol level. Discussion Prohibition had begun. This period of time willing be a rather interesting point in history. Although, alcohol consumption did lower at the beginning of the ban, however, shortly after the consumption of alcohol increased to higher than it had ever been before. This was partly because, although, alcohol was illegal there were still a demand for alcohol. Illegal bars, and speakeasies began to opening in secret all over the country relying on illegal and bootlegged liquors to fill their stock. By 1925, there were 100,000 illegal establishments in new-fashioned York City alone. These were the means by which, Al Capone, and other profiteers like him, who made a fortune aside the illegality of alcohol in the United States.(Sandbrook 1 ) However, over the years the America citizens perceptions of alcohol began to change. The perfectly enjoin society that the Temperance movement had promised has never arrived. Also, The Great Depression saw a change in the priorities of the American wad. By 1932 many leaders were comfortable with the legalizing, production, and selling of beer. They, actually, believed that it would ease the mental stresses and suffering of the people during such a harsh economic time. November 16, 1932 the Twenty-first Amendment was

The Rebel, The Nihlist, and the Revolutionary in Batman the Dark Essay

The Rebel, The Nihlist, and the Revolutionary in Batman the Dark Knight - Essay ExampleThe pursuit study text expounds on the three figures as portrayed by Camus and further examines their possible finish in the movie Batman the Dark Knight by examining three characters and how they fit in Camus figures.The nihilist believes that each values are meaningless and baseless, and that nonhing can be understood or communicated. Concisely, the nihilist is an peak pessimist who has no beliefs, no purpose, no loyalty, and all they think of is destroying. A nihilist is not one who believes in nothing, but one who does not believe in what exists (Camus 38). Camus argues that nihilism is a disorder that the modern maturate overly suffers from and it fights against morality. Morality demands of people to be honest and honorable when looking at their faults, and be truthful to their natures. However, a nihilist does not care about morality, and does not see any purpose of anything in the un iverse. According to Camus, most of us are nihilists, lacking the necessary values and seeing life as not worth living. The rebel as portrayed by Camus is an individual rejecting both absurdity and political, metaphysical which can be better put as rebellion against unjustified sufferings inflicted by a secern on citizens. The rebel in this condition tries to resist the unjust system of rules and at the same time rejecting the silent (unspoken) universe. A rebel protects what is theirs and denies anyone from touching it, and is perceived of as aiming at imposing but not conquering. This imposition is to make them meaningful towards people who deny his feelings of humanity in a world which has no meaning.As such, rebellion is an act of defence, but not offended, because a rebel exit not weight down at an oppressor. In the master-slave situation, a rebel will not rebel against their masters but will act against their master status. This is where the action against the superiority is evident and it can be concluded that

Businesses in United States Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Businesses in United States - concession ExampleMost mergers involve a bigger company absorbing a small enterprise, which has imprint market influence though mergers argon not always full buying of the firm it depends on the terms of agreement. Moreover, firms, which merge operate dependently, and decisions made are together. Concisely, mergers are not always done knocked out(p) of good heart, but some firms absorb rival enterprises to reduce competition. On the opposite hand, there are companies, which operate solely without depending on other firms for support. Most mergers are ill intended since the bigger firms aim acquisition as a way of extinguishing firms, which pose a threat to their customer base. Businesses go inter depicted objectly in order to get raw materials, as well as access a ready market. This is experienced in countries where the market is flooded, therefore international markets have cheap labor and quickly available raw materials. International corporation s enjoy protection from parent countries incase their operations are imperil by rival firms and government regulations in the foreign country. International mergers Chase bank is a national bank, which has branches both nationally and internationally. Chase bank first started as Chase National bank earlier it merged in xix thirty with Equitable Trust Company of New York and Interstate bank Company. During initial times, Chase National bank was a managed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. Subsequently in nineteen fifty five, depose of the Manhattan Company merged with Chase bank to form a giant corporation, which launch branches in more than sixty countries in the adult male. Chase bank is among top four banks operating in United States economy. All the shareholders and management of the two banks, however, universally accepted the merging. There was 50% management of the lineage since the two firms joined their names and formed Chase Manhattan bank, which became a prominent bank in the world (Gaughan 2005). Chase Manhattan coin bank, however, abandoned their logos and designed a invigorated logo octagon in shape representing pipes laid down by Manhattan Company. The logo was more of favoring previous activities of Manhattan than Chase bank. Reasons for merging Chase National Bank and Manhattan Bank merged so that they can increase their financial performance. Merging increases the capital available in the firm therefore, high sells revenue and net profit. Furthermore, acquisitions reduce costs spent by the banks in the operations. equal is a factor, which makes many firms experience loses. More so, bank mergers lead to increase in market size. geographic diversification is a factor, which guides many firms to merge. Chase National Bank was in New York while Bank of Manhattan is located in Manhattan, which is located in contrary states. Entities that start new in a different geographical area takes lots of time to get market acceptance therefore, to curb this, most firms borrow entities in the same geographical area and operates with them. Most enterprises use the companys names to moderate on risks and accrue long run profits. Riegle-Neale Act of 1 June (1997) allowed banks to expand geographically and acquire new markets throughout the United States and internationally. Stewarts merger motivation theory argues that enterprises merge to reduce on debt capacity, which other banks owe them. Businesses, which have high debts that they cannot settle, agree to mingle with a firm operating well to second in settling of the accumulated debts. As Chase bank merged with Manhattan bank, their capital base change magnitude as well as the lending capacity. This reduced dependency levels and businesses were self- reliant. Normally in businesses,

Labor and Birth Case Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Labor and Birth Case Review - Essay ExampleThe process include conducting a pelvic exam in order to determine how the diligent was progressing (Stevens, 2004). Notably, the active dress was instant(prenominal) than the latent phase with the unhurried experiencing contractions in every two minutes. However, the contractions were more painful. The transition to second make up began when the cervix dilated to about 8 9 cm. Second stage By the time the second stage started, the babys head had appeared at the top of the cervix. It is worth noting that the generate was advised on when to push. Notably, uterine contractions were also getting stronger (Tharp, 2000). With assistance from abdominal muscles contraction together with mothers pushing, the baby passed done the birth canal. It was noted that active pushing played a significant role during the stage. More importantly, an extradural anesthetic was administered in order to make the mother to manage the abdominal muscles bette r. Consequently, crowning occurred as the infant filled the lower vagina. After the head was out, then the shoulders followed, and the babys mouth and nose was suctioned in order to ease the babys first breath. Third stage During the final stage of labor, the move uterine contractions push the placenta out of vagina. ... This called for use of a stethoscope known as fetoscope. Consequently, after child birth, the patient was given some pain relief. This problematical an epidural being placed in the patient eyepatch she lay on her side. Then her back was scrubbed with antiseptic, while the local anesthetic was injected in the skin. The anaesthesia provided complete pain relief. Natural birth preparation The patient together with the family selected Lemaze method for preparing for childbirth. The method entails utilise of breathing exercises together with concentration at a focal point (Tharp, 2000). This was done to assist the patient to control her pain while at the same time being conscious. In addition, the method make the flow of oxygen possible in the baby as well as to the muscles. I coached the mother during the birthing process. Conclusion The birth process was successful as expected. The mother did not experience all complications although the baby was noted to have heart murmurs. All in all, all the procedure that are involved in the birth process were a success. References Korte, D. (1992).A good birth, a safe birth. Harvard Harvard Common Press. Stevens, L. R. (2004). Gimme a C Is Choosing a Cesarean Section for a Nonmedical Reason Wise?Fit PregnancyApril-May 40-42. Tharp, A. J. (2000).This full-grown birth pregnancy and childbirth in American womens writing. Bowling Green, OH Bowling Green State University touristy Press. Evidence based care Evidence based care refers to an evidence based solution that addresses a clinical dilemma and calls for defining the problem, in addition to conducting an efficient search in order to find the best e vidence (Walsh, 2007). This is then followed by appraisal of the evidence, which is then

The Firm and the Environment The Case of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Firm and the Environment The Case of - Essay ExampleThe main focus of the cordial reception sector is to adopt the differentiation st cropgy and achieve competitive advantage. A lot of innovative practices be introduced and customer service and value added service play a major role in the cordial reception assiduity. The paper analyses the industry using Michael Porters Five force Analysis and then the SWOT for the firm is done. alteration and food services makes up about 8.1 percent of all employment. (U.S. place of ride Statistics). Employment in the accommodation and food services industries is predicted to grow 18% between 2002 and 2012, adding more than 1.6 million new jobs. (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Of the 8,740,000 total workers employed in the accommodation and food services industry in 2003, 5,343,000 kit and boodle full-time (61%), while 3,397,000 work part-time (39%). (Annual average for 2003, according to the Current Population Survey, a enunciate pro ject of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Census Bureau). The Total Industry Investment is $1,765,000 and the total leveraged resources are $5,900,000 value and average room rate at the UKs chain hotels continued to increase in November, according to the current HotStats survey from TRI Hospitality Consulting. Across the total UK sample of 462 hotels, income before fixed charges (IBFC) - also known as gross operating profit - rose by 5.6 per cent to 52.81 per available room. Average room rate increased by 7.4 per cent to 95.03 in November, a similar rate of harvest-feast to the 7.2 per cent achieved during the form so far. In London, profit grew by 7.9 per cent to 82.19 per available room. Londons hoteliers continued to achieve rate growth at near annual levels with an 8.9 per cent increase taking average room rate to a new high of 125.85.- Jonathan Langston, UK Chain Hotels Market Review November 2007 TRI Hospitality, www.trihc.comMichael Porters Five Force AnalysisThreat of virgin entrantsThe Entry barriers includeCapitalThe capital outlay needed for starting up the operation in this industry is long ($60 - $70 million), since the leasing expenses and the taxes are high. The capital includes land and building, infrastructure etc.LaborIn this industry the retention rate is high when compared to the others because of the demand for the experienced chefs in the industry. Retaining skilled weary is a major issue for a new entrant.Tax StructureHoteliers have to bear huge taxes levied on them by the government for property, water, electricity etc.Beside the high entry barriers, new entrants in this industry are high in recent days. Threat of substitutesThe growth of Home business restricts travel to a certain extent. So people consider their homes as substitutes for hotels.RivalryThere is a fierce scathe war going between existing

Power and Privilege Homogenous Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power and Privilege Homogenous Choice - Essay ExampleI believe that it is come-at-able to respect the differences between individuals and cultures, while retaining the natural comfort level found in individual association. I call this homogenous choice.As an individual, I am aware of the differences between myself and others. Whether those differences are cultural or behavioral, I know that I can face a dilemma as I answer to those differences. Although space does not permit me to delineate all of the possibilities, I think that a consolidation of the ideas comes down in the mouth to one word Respect. If my responses to the differences in people I meet, and their unique way of perceiving the world, are respectful of their run of view, I can avoid a negative perspective that includes prejudice or racism. Different isnt bad, it is near different. That said, I dont have to embrace all the differences I encounter or even like them. I can respect my own perspective as a valid point o f view, and extend that equivalent significance to the people I meet.The guiding principle for me, as for most other people, is personal comfort. I am naturally more comfortable with certain cultures than others, especially my own. In his article on the outlet of diversity, David Brooks points out that people are finding places where they are comfortable and where they feel they can pompousness (30).

Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay ExampleThe derivative commercialise can be further sub-divided into the otc (over the counter) commercialise and the exchange traded derivatives foodstuff. While the former is more customized and offers tailor made innovative pricks in the afterward all transactions take place via exchange. The OTC market transactions ar done in the main by the adornment banks that heir traders or agents to market derivative instruments to clients. Some instruments of OTC market allow forward contract, swaps ( pursuit evaluates and currency), credit derivatives, and hedge funds. The derivative market transactions in US are mostly dominated by large multinational pecuniary institutions. The global economic importance of derivatives market is that they are important instrument for determining current and future prices of underlying asset. In addition, a derivatives market also helps to reduce the risk of transaction by bringing certainty in to expe cted hard currency flows. The derivatives market encourages speculative trading and arbitrage. A derivatives instrument reduces transaction costs and also offers liquidity of the instrument in market (Parsons, 2013, pp.2-6). Factors Affecting Interest Rates Interest place are amount payable by the borrower to the lender for using capital for certain amount of time. They are also referred to as financial cost of borrowings. Generally the federal bank or the central bank of a country determines the rate of spare-time activity on borrowing. Interest rates are determined primarily from the forces of supply and demand. Inflation plays a very important role for determining the amour rates since almost every lender expects to be compensated after considering the purchasing power of money. Thus, the rate of interest is also driven by the market trends and corresponds to changes in inflation levels. The credit of the borrower is also taken into consideration while determining the intere st rates. For instance, entities with beneficial credit ratings are able to enjoy debt at cheaper rates compared to entities with bad credit ratings. This is mainly because the entities with abject credit rating have more chances of defaulting both in terms of regular fixed interest payments as well as the principal. Another important factor that determines the rate of interest is the duration of debt. Generally, the before long term rates are less costly since predicting risk factors and inflation levels are more precise for shorter time frame. However, the same is not true for long term rates since the future is uncertain and solely expected or probabilistic returns are possible. Forecasting of Interest Rates Changes Forecasting the changes in interest rates is an important factor for determining the bond prices. When the interest rates are expected to value in future, the objective of the investor should be to hold bonds with shorter maturity and not to hold long term bonds s o as to minimize losses. Conversely, when the interest rates are expected to decline in future, it is an opportunity for the investors to invest in good credit bonds. Hence, interest rates directly influence the market value of debt instruments including bonds, money market securities, mortgages, and so on. By determining the key factors that have significant influence on interest rates, the interest rates for future can be forecasted. Some of the important factors that influence interest rates are economic growth rates, inflation rates, monetary policy, and budget deficit

Class, Democracy and Resistance In Contemporary Thailand. What is the Dissertation

Class, democracy and Resistance In Contemporary Tailand. What is the red shirt sensationalistic shirt conflict about - disquisition ExampleIt then proceeds to explore why, if the Red raiments are indeed representative of those who have been ladened by an elite urban-centric Thailand, support is being given to a leader like Thaksin Shinawatra who, by every showing, is a rent-seeking and corrupt politician. It uses class and resistance as lens by which the red shirt and yellow shirt phenomenon whitethorn be understood and seeks to unravel tha complex dynamics that underlie Thai-style contemporary politics. II. induction The image is a searing champion, and has captured the attention of a global audience. Outside Siam paragon, one of Bangkoks flash edifices, a man stands with his fist clenched. He has the weatherbeaten face of a rural farmer from northern Thailand and he is in a red shirt. The picture captures the audience because of the juxtaposition it presents the two face s of one country. On the one hand, as represented by the posh mall that is the Siam Paragon, it is a modern and bustling economy, well on its way to Capitalist-style development. On the other hand, it is a simmering hotbed of discontent, with rural labourers coming to the affectionateness so that their voices may finally be heard. This contradiction lies at the very heart of the Red Shirt and color Shirt conflict in Thailand. This paper aims to discuss the political conflict in Thailand between the Red Shirts and the Yellow Shirts in Thailand, a conflict that has led to many dramatic scenes being played out sooner the international media but whose underlying themes and issues remain hidden from the Western spectator. There is much myth-making that has helped both sides on with one side demonizing the other and glorifying its own, and people seeing only what they choose to see. The conflict illustrates the complexity of Thai politics, and the stark class injustices and inequality that have attended the so-called Land of the Free. On the one hand, on that point is a group who has long been a victim of historical injustices and seeks to be heard by the center and it does so by supporting a strongman whose political career has been riddled by charges of corruption and misfeasance in public office (see Chaturon, 2009). On the other hand, is a group affiliated with the Peoples alliance for Democracy (PAD) who professes support for the King and who levels on Thaksin the charge of not being respectful enough to the Thai Monarch, but who represent the elite and middle class in Thai society and to the lower classes in rural Thailand (Chaturon, 2009), partially responsible for the gaping inequalities in the political economy of Thailand by protecting the view quo from which they benefit. Andre Vltcheck (2010) puts it succinctly Imagine that you are Thai and poor, as most people in this country dumb are. Imagine that you are aware of your social position, as most poor Thais are, and that you are educated and infer the complexities and hidden meanings of political life of your country, which most Thais do not. You have basically two alternatives if suicide or emigration is not the option to support the outrageously elitist aristocracy and the army (many of whose members now paint themselves

Team Model Essay Example for Free

Team homunculus EssayForming Roles and responsibilities not clear, everyone unknown to each other. Meeting root word members. Storming everyone has distinguishable point of views on different issues. Then they decide which one to choose. People complete for consideration. Norming Develop a mutual plan, create guidelines in order to make rule for themselves. Performing Achieving the goals the group has set. Adjourning Finishes tax. Tuckmans Model of Team Formation several(prenominal) overlap between the stages Tuckmans prototype is linear many others say the process he describes is cyclical. The shape below takes into account movement back and forth through the stages. Small teams do seem to occur a predictable path. MODEL 2 Gersicks Theory of Group Development Punctuated Equilibrium (from development theory) This model of team development does allow for gauging time which is a significant difference between it and Tuckmans model. The Gersick model focuses on winnerive stages which are characterized by even increasing focus on task accomplishment and completion as time becomes a factor.Each model assumes the individuals will strive for success in accomplishing the teams set goals. The PE model is characterized by periods of stopping and re-planning when we recognize the time restrictions as we go through Gersicks stages. Gersicks theory they all of a sudden realize that they stimulate a time limit. This is the difference between these two models. STAR Model Strengths- individuals in a group identify and develop strengths. Teamwork- come together and build relationships. Aligns team leader assists group to achieve goals.Results- die hard results that are meaningful. (ACHIEVEMENT) Difference Gersicks model they suddenly realize that they have a deadline. Tuckmans model has specific stages. Gersicks model is mainly based on time. Gersick focuses more on task performance and completion Tuckmans model is more specific and divides the group develop ment into five distinguished stages, Gersicks Lot of reforming of goals, sometimes 3 or 4 times. Similarities Both working towards a specific goal. primarily all the work is done on the midway of the process.

Legal Ethics Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Legal Ethics Healthcare auditionThe legal concept of secondary indebtedness and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior occurs when the employee commits a tort or well-behaved wrong within the scope of employment and the employer is held liable although the master may have done nought wrong( Regan 2002). Physicians and other wellnesscare suppliers need to be aware of this doctrine in the supervision of their staff and their everyday health check expend.The legal relationship between an employer and an employee is called agency. The employer is called the principal when engaging someone to act for him. The person who does the rick for the employer is called the agent. The theory behind respondeat superior is that the principal controls the agents behavior and must then assume some obligation for the agents consummations (Phelps Lehman 2005).Most medical mal hold suits are filed as result of negligence (ie, a type of tort or civil wrong) Negligence is defined by what a re asonably prudent person would or would non do in the same or similar circumstance. Negligence can result from the individual medical provider or from some type of agency relationship that exists between two or more health care providers. In general, when we discuss the relationship between agency and malpractice, we refer to the concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior ( Columbia 2000).In the context of medical malpractice a negligence action is often precipitated by a bad outcome. Numerous cases have involved the concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior as a no-hit cause of a medically negligent action. young changes in the health care system may contribute to additional causes of action being recognized.As managed care has moved to the forefront of health care, many medical providers have left independent practice and become employees of large health care organizations (HMOs) or hospitals. Some medical providers have formed their let business with health care extenders who perform many of the services previously provided by the medical provider. As a result, HMOs and hospitals have become employers of medical providers, and medical providers have become employers of their health care extenders (Regan 2002).In the past, the relationship with the patient and extensive documentation in the medical record were the most important elements in preventing malpractice litigation. These efforts, while important, may have less of an effect in the evolving health care climate. With these changes, principles of agency and vicarious liability may become increasingly important in evaluating malpractice liability. Both the negligence of a health care employee employed by an individual medical provider and the negligence of an individual medical provider employed by a health care company have given rise to successful malpractice suits. The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior is one to weigh carefully by both plaint iffs and defendants in their current practice of law and medicine.ReferencesMalpractice. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2000. http//kids.infoplease.lycos.com/ipd/A0401963.htmlRaines v Mercer, 55 5W2d 263, 264 (Tenn 1932)Regan, J. , Regan, W. (2002, May). Medical malpractice and respondeat superior. (Review Articles). Southern Medical Journal, 95(5), 545-549. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from Nursing and allied Health Collection via Gale http//find.galegroup.com.proxy.davenport.edu/nrcx/start.do?prodId=NRCRespondeat Superior. (2005). In S. Phelps J. Lehman (Eds.), Wests Encyclopedia of American Law (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 334-336). Detroit Gale. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.proxy.davenport.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3437703788v=2.1u=lom_davenportcit=rp=GVRLsw=w

The Role of Literacy in Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of Literacy in Society EssayAdult literacy is essential to the economics of modern nations. It is life-or-death to individuals to have proficient literacy skills to concord a difference to their prosperity. In 2003 the National Assessment of Adult Literacy use the following as a definition of literacy using printed and written instruction to function in society, to achieve ones goals, and to develop ones knowledge and potential. This definition does not simply mean comprehending text edition it includes the range of information-processing skills that adults use in home, work and community. Literacy can be subdivided into three different categories prose literacy, document literacy, and quantitative literacy. Prose literacy is defined as editorials, word stories, poems and fiction these can be broken down into both categories expository prose and narrative prose. Expository prose is printed information that defines, describes, or informs. Narrative prose tells a st ory. Prose literacy is divided into 5 different level of learning.The prototypal level of prose requires a person to read a mulct passage of text and locate a oneness fade of information that is identical with the information given. The game level of prose literacy requires a person to locate a single piece of information in the text, compare and contrast easily identifiable information based on criteria provided in the question, or integrate a few pieces of information, when distracters were present or when low level inferences were required. take aim 3 of the prose requires a person to tick off literal or synonymous information in the text with that requested in the question, to integrate many pieces of information from dense or lengthy text, or to impart a response based on information that could be easily identified in the text. The quaternate level requires a person to search through text and fight sevenfold features, and to integrate multiple pieces of information fr om heterogeneous passages.The last level requires a person to search through text and match several features contained in dense text with a number of plausible distracters, to compare and contrast complex information, or to generate new information making high-altitude inferences. Document literacy is defined documents that are short forms or graphically displayed information found in everyday life. Some examples of document literacy are romp applications, payroll forms, transportation schedule, etc. Document literacy is also divided up into five levels of document literacy.The first level is requires a person to locate information based on a literal match to the question or to enter information from personal knowledge into a document. The next level requires the ref to match a piece of information either when several distracters were present or when low-level inferences were required. direct 3 requires a person to integrate multiple pieces of information from one or more docum ents. The tail level requires a person to perform multiple-feature matches, cycle through documents, and integrate information, all of which required superior inferences.The fifth level requires a person to search through a complex displays that contained multiple distracters, to make high-level text-based inferences, and to use their specialized knowledge. Quantitative literacy is information that is displayed visually through graphs, charts, etc. Quantitative literacy the like the other types of literacy is divided into five different levels. The first level requires a person to perform single, relatively simple arithmetic trading trading operations, such as addition, when the question included the numbers to be used and the arithmetic operation to be performed.The second level requires a person to locate numbers by matching the required information with that given, infer the necessary arithmetic operation, or perform an arithmetic operation when the tasks qualify the num bers and the operation to be performed. The third level requires a person to locate numbers by matching the required information with that given, infer the necessary arithmetic operation and perform arithmetic operations on two or more numbers, or to solve a problem, when the numbers must be located in the text or document.The fourth level requires a person to perform two or more sequential arithmetic operations or a single arithmetic operation, when the quantities could be found in different displays, or when the operations had to be inferred from semantic information given or drawn from prior knowledge. The last level requires a person to perform multiple arithmetic operations sequentially, when the features of the problem had to be extracted from text or when background knowledge was required to determine the quantities or operations needed.The relationship between economy and literacy is a crucial and well documented relationship. In a Canada ponder close to 50% of adults with a low literacy lived in low-income households, compared with only 8% of adults with high literacy lived in high-level incomes. This clearly shows what low literacy is capable of doing to the economy of the country. Also during that study it found that the bump of living in a household below the poverty lines is six times greater for a person that is at level one than someone that is at level four or five.It did say however the risk is significantly decreased from 50 percent to 22% if the level of literacy is profitd from the first level to the second level. The other interesting fact is that women make about half of what men. This translates to all levels of literacy no matter what level of literacy it seems that women make about half of what the men make in that literacy level. If more of the population were literate it would increase the wealthiness of the entire nation. In conclusion it is clear that adult literacy is essential to the economics of modern nations. more are belo w literacy level and these effects the economics of a country because the low literacy directly affects the wealth of an individual thus effecting countries wealth. Bibliography 1. The Value of Words Literacy and Economic Security in Canada, Vivian Shalla and Grant Schellenberg The Centre for internationalist Statistics Canadian Council on Social Development 2. Literacy in a thousand words. Beatriz Pont and Patrick Werquin, Education and Training Division, board of directors for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Published November 2000 3. Hughes, Languages and writing from class.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Example for Free

obsessional Compulsive Disorder EssayImagine staying away from everybody, isolating yourself ground level person you love, a family member or colleague be exertion they seem to be sick. Imagine not being sufficient to shake hand, kiss, or hug anybody because you are concerned that you might get some bacteria form them. Imagine not being able to open a door or pressing a button in the elevator with your hand because so many people amaze touched it in advance you. Imagine if you repeatedly check if the door of your apartment is locked even though you know for sure that you rich person locked it and you have checked several times. These are some symptoms of an anxiety overthrow known as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which is characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you purport compelled to perform.I have read nigh this disorder a long time ago because I spy it with the Canadian comedian Howie Mandel. I noticed that Howi e has mysophobia, so he does not shake hands with anybody. precisely I didnt think about it as a mental illness, I thought it was just a fear that developed in his mind because of an incident that happened to him and I thought it would go away easily by facing that fear. But after watching the movie Back Form Madness, I realized that it is more complicated than what I thought it was.Glen, the lensman, was the person who got most of my attention, mainly because I am a photographer and I have done wedding photography for a while. So I know how hard it is for a photographer to take a perfect picture and the different aspects that should be focused on while pickings a picture. Having OCD would defiantly make it much harder because you pass on be checking so many things in the camera and will take a long time to take a picture which will cause you anxiety because the customers will be mad.In this case, I will stop shooting and I will do the cingulotomy surgery even though, as Glen sai d, it is very dangerous and very painful. After the surgery, Glen was hopeless because he thought that he would die without getting cured. I cannot really talk about how I would feel because I believe that we cannot feel the whole pain of others unless we are in their shoe. But all I can say is, hope is in the horizon as the sun keeps rising every mean solar day with new opportunities to everybody.

The Glass Castle Essay Example for Free

The Glass Castle EssayThe Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls is an extremely fearful novel in that even it werent true the events in the story would still be shocking, but the fact that it is true makes it that much more disturbing. In the word of honor Jeannette is on more than one occasion, a victim of sexual abuse. Although there is one event in particular that I found exceptionally troubling. And that is when Jeannette and her family are in their upper class house in Phoenix and innocently leave their doors and windows open. cardinal night, random perverts sneak into their home and sexually assault the children. And it wouldnt be so bad if Jeannette didnt play it off as though it were nothing. She almost makes it seem like barely mentioning when she says that I was alter by someone running his hands over my private parts(103). And the man who assaulted her had a book with pictures of boys and girls wearing only underpants(103).From the eyes of someone like I, who can make no connection with perverts new(prenominal) than the horrific news stories of rape and murder I occasionally hear about, this event is tremendously disturbing. When I read this part of the book I thought she was in mortal danger. Ive never in reality heard of someone sexually assaulting a child without it involving some sort of murder or kidnapping. It rightfully goes to show she is familiar with perverts and wrongfully or rightfully Im not really indisputable does not feel an extreme panic type of danger when dealing with pedophiles.This event teaches Jeannette what is really cost worrying about. After Rex and Jeannette go out she realizes this is like hunting Demon, except the enemy was real and heartrending instead being the product of a kids overactive imagination. (103) And it goes to show that a ample reason why Jeannette is so mature and matures so quickly is due to the fact of her constant stupefy of traumatizing events and moments of extreme danger.

William Faulkners Essay Example for Free

William Faulkners EssayWilliams Faulkners Barn Burning will keep up the prevalence of deterrent example order all over any other order, so that where conflict exists between virtue and blood, fair play prevails. Although it could be invoked that blood is thicker than pee , it is alike counter argued that water is wider than blood . at that place is thence no substitute for choosing what is set under all circumstances. Discussion of Barn Burning will instance in reality the legality of the proposition as it tries to persuade that there is in circumstance bag to believe and adhere to such proven universality of truth. unity argument to support the thesis of this idea is the fact the good barter occupies higher ground than duty to parents. Doing what is right may result to disobeying parents as long the person exercising the responsibility k at a times what is right. Such is the case in point in the Faulkers Barn Burning which is a romance of an adolescent boy na med Sartoris Snopes (or Sarty as hereinafter called) who is do to wait in judgeship, hoping he will non have to demonstrate in the arson case against his receive (Mr. Snopes).Sarty knew that his mystify Mr. Snopes was absolutely guilty of arson that whoever judge will handle the case now was not an easy thing for Sarty to handle and could still be considered by Sarty as his enemy since the really person to be convicted and was facing the risk of punishment is his very arrest. Must not Sarty as a son still have to maintain some loyalty given the relationship macrocosm by blood? Has that point of testifying against anes dumbfound get in Sarty? Has he has not yet uncaring himself from his father? What mustiness he do? Answering these challenging questions require going deeper what really happened in the story.Before proceeding to some of details of the story, it is best to express for the meantime the argument for upholding the prevalence of moral duty over loyalty to geniuss father. It may thus be argued that that fulfillment of moral duty would lead eventually to independence of a person. Independence is the price for fashioning difficult choices for which Sarty is excessively subject in the story. After laying the arguments to support the thesis there is still need to delimit some terms as utilize in the thesis for purpose of clarity.What are the separate meanings of duty to parents, moral duty and independence? Duty to parents is the obligation to obey parents with due all due retainer and respect by reason of the natural relationship. Moral duty is the capacity to choose what is right over what is wrong under all circumstances. Independence as outlined connotes independence from coercion in making difficult choices and a declaration by a persons individual responsibility for his or her close. After the definitions, the arguments may now be supported with important parts of the story.Since the first argument is the fact the moral duty occupies higher ground than duty to parents, it may be supplicateed What is right thing that must be d mavin by Sarty and that may result to disobeying his parents? The obvious answer is the decision to put the court the truth in making his testimony but such testimony could pin set ashore his father, whom he go to sleeps to be guilty. An independent observer may readily see the internal conflict of loyalty to parents and honey of truth in the case of Sarty.Indeed it would be straightforward to say that Sarty whether he likes or must make a choice between right and wrong in the end. He cannot leave a decision hanging between the peace and dignity represented by the de Spains with the meanness and unhappiness of the Snopes family. but one may have to understand that it is more than that. Basing on the storys beginning, when Sarty was prepared to testify that his father was innocent of glowing down that barn, he would have done it because it is his job is to stick to his fathe r.One may except see that at the end of the story, Sarty cautioned Major de Spain (the owner) about his fathers bearing to burn down the latters stunning plantation. Sarty did this though with his knowledge that this will bring his (Snopes) family down once and for all, and that this could cause never be able to go home again. This is a difficult decision to make for a boy. How in the world could he made the right one? To do this, Sarty must realize that he was not his father, and the path he wanted to travel in the world was not the same as his fathers.In making a choice, perhaps there is need to go back what led his father to commit arson as subject of trial for which Sarty was being made to testify. The story would readily tell then the reputation or predisposition of Sarty father to burn everything. Sarty Snopes family are wandering farmers, hence there is basis in the story to say that they move more or less even more often than is normal because of his fathers blueprint ( that has be rally a habit) of burning something down every time to express his anger.Perhaps with his personal evaluation, Sarty understood that there was something profoundly mental wrong about his father, but it would seem that he disregarded his fathers danger. What a bad luck may the incident has meant for Sarty since upon their familys arrival at the beautiful plantation of Major de Spain, Sarty had the spirit that the de Spains are safe but as event turned out in the story, Sarty did not know that his father could just as easily bring down a big plantation when his father gets angry.In support of the argument that fulfillment of moral duty would lead eventually to independence of a person, it may be stated that what is natural will come to pass. Moral duty which this paper defined as the capacity to choose what is right over what is wrong under all circumstances has its grow in the natural law and violating the same could have grave consequences like the feeling of guilty conscience. fulfilment of the moral duty has its rewards too to the person as it could mean freedom from guilty conscience and freedom to make more moral decisions that could sustain long term happiness and independence.In may be asked Must loyalty bow at the altar moral duty? When must loyalty come to an end? It may be discovered that an important part of the story is about loyalty but there is an inner conflict in which the character of the story must await that is his ability to be loyal to his blood origin. And so in Faulkners Barn Burning, Sarty spent the majority of the story under a great emotional confusion. What could really cause a young man to tell his father Father please stop as what you are doing is wrong. It was therefore the demand for loyalty to his father brought about by the relationship that has caused him mixed emotions as to what is the right or wrong in dealings with his fathers tendency to barn burnings. There is basis to notice Sartys fathers paranoid th inking and silent threats that may be giving Sarty the inner battle between whats morally right and family loyalty. In the story, there is that ever-present pull that was causing his guilt feelings. Hence, in one instance he was seen defending his fathers actions and this happened shortly after he was angry with his father for putting the family in such terrible conditions.As in every suffering that must come to an end, he had to be under the true test of loyalty which came at the end of the story when it became gather that his father will be burning the landlords barn down after the incident a certain incident within his knowledge. Sarty was angry but the guilt never stopped. If viewed in psychology, it may observed that anger and guilt could really happen together at the same time for Sarty and one would ask Which emotion has the greater chance of being expressed or realized into actions? First it must also be asked What would have made Sarty to feel guilty to the situation? It may argued that a short accomplishment of time did occur in story when Sarty is actually an partner in crime to his fathers actions which he may freely done although with hesitation by running to the to place he was coherent to go and getting the oil to be used by his father in setting the fire. Sarty did memorialize loyalty to his father by obedience. Indeed, loyalty could be blind if it closes its eyes to the truth. Indeed blood is thicker than water but water is wider than blood as oceans contain all the water but blood waistcloth only in living animals.Sarty, in his search for true identity portion element, must now make a choice and he must choose fulfillment of moral duty over his duty to parents. olibanum throughout Faulkners story Sarty was seeking his true identity. There was confusion caused by his fathers actions that had push him to question who he was. His feeling was temporary while his moral duty to tell the truth of his fathers actions was universal. Although i t was his duty to be loyal to his blood and hate the men who were enemies of his father hates, there was a higher standard of which he must also respond.Thus in the storey it could be deciphered that after Sarty was struck by his father for almost telling the Justice of the Peace the truth about the fire and he was found expressing his confusion. He needed therefore to search for what was his true identity to find the solution to that confusion, What may have caused confusion was the fact that he was being struck by his father without any explanation. He was most of the time treated as young man. Sarty may be presumed not to have taught maturity by his father.His having to obey his father to get the oil to be used for burning was an imposition into his mind. It could only be Sartys own guidance of developing where he could hold himself that he ought to become a mature person in order to have courage to face the consequences of his decision. As Sarty was a young man he could have b een experiencing and asking the inevitable question of identity and knowing but not knowing enough. His feeling of the pressure to be what his father wanted him to be, although in his heart he knew that his father was wrong was something that must be resolved.In weighing things, he try to find justification about his fathers air in order to be what he thought he should be by telling himself that his father was once a soldier, who deserves respect and awarding him and this attempt included trying to convince himself that his father was done with his criminal behaviors. But an instance happened where the landlord demanded twenty dollar bill bushels of corn as payment for damages that his father had ruined and the book how Sarty thought about the calculate Maybe this is the end of it.Maybe even that twenty bushels that seems hard to have to pay for just a rug will be a cheap price for him to stop forever and always from being what he used to bemaybe he wont collect the twenty bush els His nature as person may have afforded Sarty capacity to mature. Attaining maturity is a natural phenomenon in ones life as one grows with age. For Sarty, it may be argued that he did in fact pass his childhood and was able to look back on it sensibly.From being a child he matte his father could not help but be what he was but nature has its own way and by the time that adulthood came to Sarty, he was aware of the truth of his fathers criminal behavior and which Faulkner has written the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his fathers being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other men, as the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else schnorkel were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with respect and used with discretion .This knowledge of what is wrong is a natural feeling and the mind appreciates without really thinking is predispose to avoid a rule. Interviewing a sponsor about whether he exerts effort of knowing what is rig ht, the response was It is ones nature to avoid the wrong. There is time for everything. Everything that has started must come to an end. The dilemma that Sarty was suffering must come to an end. Sarty has now to make a decision.He is to make a choice between what is right or wrong. The moment to decide to practice a Sarty maturity did came the darkness of the final barn burning when Sarty made the decision on a subliminal level to warn the landlord of his fathers actions. It was also at that same night that night his father got killed and Sarty realized that he was set free it was therefore decision that he has done the right thing. His running to the flaming barn, he felt he was running through his childhood.With his screams, he suddenly became settle and clear headed to signal his freedom. It may be concluded the life may be a serial publication of trade offs or great exchanges of what is important to individual persons life. There are unwrap of values which may not be seen b ut felt and asserted by their universalities. Independence is one of this values and its pursuit requires a moral agent to do what is right under the circumstance. Independence has however a price to pay and may extend to individuals love ones.Such was the story beautifully portrayed by Burning Barn. Works Cited Faulkner, The Faulkner Reader Selections from the Works of William Faulkner, Random House, 1954 Flexner and Flexner, impertinent Words and Wives Tales The Origins, Meanings and Time-Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New, Avon Books, New York, 1993 Hoffman, W. Blood is Thicker Than Water, Alien Perspective 2002 Personal hearing with a friend conducted on what one feel about a given wrong in making a choice.

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay Example for Free

Impacts of want in Employee functioning Essay1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Back estate of the cultureThe submit was started to investigate analytically the study causes of employees motive in Commercial camber of Ethiopia. To accomplish this, the query was considered to resign appropriate data that germane(predicate) to the problem. Since, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is the major sector that curbs the current development of Ethiopia economy and the five years of rendering image, so it should be discoer to take study to unwrap the major causes that affects of employees demand toward their contribute and to jut obligatory tools of solution to mitigate the problem. This get out be at least a solution presently and in the future for the memorial tablet. The major initiatives to conduct this study argon in like manner one of the researchers is working in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia that observe most of employees argon not satisfied or incited to work. This force the rest researchers to examine the basic problems of merciful resource management unable to conduct how ofttimes motivate employees in the existing work place using fiscal and non financial tools. If this problems not solved, it may affects the motion-picture show of the organization, belongingness workers etcgradually.Considering this, it should be infallible to conduct study to identify the major causes of employees dis bliss in their work place that affects penury, and the drawback of want encases relative to the image of the organization and its strategic plan which is to be Classic Bank In The gentlemans gentleman. To do an extensive study, the researcher performed ruleological ways of gathering data pursuant to the problems and objective of the study paper. The employees be one of the vital resources or ingredient that leave behind help organization to achieve its objectives. Employees fork over their talents, knowledge, skill and experience towards to the achieveme nt of organizational objectives. To get maximum deed from employees, the organization must wear the required motivational scheme that encourages employees for better performance.Optimizing performance of employees by motivational factors is challenging and sensitive collect to uniqueness of working force which came to organization from diametrical socio-economical background. Performances of prompt employees cause high productivity, innovativeness and good attitudes towards the organizations. thither is a relationship between motivational factors and some facts of the employees behavior such as performance, disorder, absenteeism, poor attendance, leadingness to do more, creativity, flexibility, and commitment to the organization. So motivation has important implications because it affects the individual quality of work, life, and performance. accordingly, managers ar expected to have necessary skill on how to motivate employees. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia as a service rendering organization thereby maximizing its profit, its quality of service is highly determined by devotion of its employees. Therefore, the swear has to bemuse importance to the recruitment of educated employees, to staff training and the correctment of workers benefit packages. Besides, it has to revise its benefit package with a view to motivating its staff towards expectanter cogency and competence. In general, the study was foc employ on to investigate the real causes of employees dissatisfaction at their work place in the Bank and its impacts toward the image, rest of employees belongingness.1.2 Back Ground of the OrganizationCurrently, the Commercial Bank Ethiopia (CBE) has 15 district offices and above 300 branches throughout the country do as market outlets. As the largest bank and development occasionner of the Ethiopian Government, the CBE has transferred Birr 1.23 Billion in 2008 1 to the coffers/treasure of the state. In 2005/2006, the market share of the Bank was 24% and 76% for credit appurtenance phone and deposit mobilization, in that order. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the leading Bank in the country. It has over 8,600 employees and close to 2 million accounts holders throughout the country, and total as vex of Birr 73.7 one thousand thousand, total deposit and other liabilities of Birr 56.1 billion and outstanding loans of Birr 22.9 billion, and close to 70 years of solid accumu easyd banking experience.The CBE is in the forefront of the banking labor in meeting the financial inescapably of the various sectors, sub-sectors and ongoing varied investment projects in the economy. It has alter credit portfolio with loan facilities extended ranging from farmers cooperatives to commercial farmers and large manufacturing and construction project. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently has granted services for customers such as Deposit, Loan service, foreign currency service etcThe CBE has a vision to be world a worldwide c lass commercial bank by 2025.It has also set a dodge of exceeding customers and stake holders expectation through service excellence and stemma proceeds supporting the development efforts in the country. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently played a great role for the development of the economy to achieve the million goal of the country. (CBE Public Relations Documentation, 2011).1.3 Statement of the twoerIt is obvious that currently Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is a major blood for the current economic growth of Ethiopia. In order to fulfill this, the company mobilized big amount of foreign and domestic currency to speed and support high investment process in the economy. To perform goodly this, the firm should have closely developed human resource management tools to enhance the work forces motivation toward their work which help to create loyal and belonging employees in the work area. This has a direct relationship with the service quality aim to satisfy the existing and prospect customers. Moreover to introduce unsanded and modern type of working trunk throughout the organization, there should be also a sound strategy of workers motivation program, which helps to increase workers belongings in the bank.Organizations that only focus on its goal, without considering the factors of employees motivation toward their flora has become a cause of slightness of the business in the long run. In this essence, employees that are not satisfied in their organization could not be initiated to exert more efforts effectively in the organization, instead they will look for other opportunities outwardly and vote with their feet by moving their allegiance to competitors, and this will affect the firms in the long run. The outcomes of the research will help the organization to take the necessary corrective measurements in the future and to revise its motivation strategy of employees.Because of the above major problems, the existing employees drop confidence on the bank. Moreover, the bank faces problem of employees turnover repayable to lack of effective motivation, this also results in high cost of getting experienced employees and recruiting of new one. Therefore friendshiping the above problem, the study attempted to respond the fol lowing basic research questions.1.What is the feeling and attitudes of employees towards to motivational factors used in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 2.What are the consequences of commerce dis-satisfaction in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 3.What are the consequences of lack of motivated employees performance? 4.What is the effect of motivation on employees verity to the organization? 5.What kind of action should be taken by the bank to increase employees motivation toward work areas? 6.What are the basic factors for employees motivation in the work area? Is it financial or non financial benefits?1.4 Objective of the studyDue to lack of effective motivation, most employees are dissatisfied to their work place this creates desperate work forces that perform their work till to get other opportunities of work in order to get the root of the problem the study set the following objectives.General objectiveThe general objective of the study was to identify the causes and impacts of lack of employees motivation and to identify the basic causes of dissatisfaction of employees to ward their work, which aggravated lack of employees motivation.Specific ObjectiveTo indicate which is the basic factors for lack of employees motivation currently in the bank To show the relation between lack of employees motivation impacts and employees turnover. To assess the say-so consequences of lack of employees motivation in the Bank. To set appropriate recommendation for the problem based on the findings.1.5 conditional relation of the studyThe study identified the major causes of employees dissatisfaction, which is a major factor that affects motivation of employees at the work area. The outcomes of th e research help to increase employees satisfaction at their works that support to increase the service take of customers satisfaction. Moreover, increase of work force motivation has also a direct relationship to minimize turnover in the bank. The other advantages of increase of motivation of employees at the work area are enables employees to enhance their loyalty for the organization and at the same time employees belongingness increase. This also helps for the reputation of the image of the bank. Employees will increase their efficiency to serve their customers with smiling face. Moreover also the study provided a hint for other researchers as a reference, and the findings of the study will help to give valuable information for top management to establish new system to increase employees motivation.1.6 Scope of the studyThe study considered major causes of employees lack of motivation in the Bank especially focusing in the area of Addis Ababa core operation. It scopes limited to study employees lack of motivation in Addis Ababa area only, by taking as a population and sample of the existing employees.1.7 Limitation of the StudyThe major limit of the study is constraints of time and collecting appropriate data from respondents since there was few samples involuntariness to return the questionnaires properly.1.8 research Methodology1.8.1 Research DesignThe study applied the following types of research method to investigate the problems. The research is designed by using both Primary Secondary data.1.8.2 Source of data Methods of Data CollectionThe method of data collection carried out by distribution of questioners, which consist of both closed and open-end questioners. The questioners were being the main instrument of primary data collection. The secondary data gathered from different books, literature review, internet and printed materials.1.8.3Sampling Design TechniquesA sampling technique of random sampling adopted by taking the sample from the sel ected four city branches and two departments of Manager and non-manager line staff employees of commercial bank of Ethiopia. The total population was taken 200.1.8.4Methods of Data AnalysisDescriptive and explanatory methods of data analysis applied. visitation hypothesis for viable interdependence and effect relation ships conducted for easy understanding of trends of some patterns of distribution, table, percentage and recital of data conducted based on the response and theoretical concepts.1.9 Organization of the paperThe study paper include four chapters. The commencement ceremony chapter is about the introduction part which contains back ground, statement of problems, objective of the study, signifi advisece, methodology of research, limitation of the study and organization of the paper. In Chapter II, Theoretical concepts from internet are included. Chapter III included the important part of the study, which is data analysis and interpretation, this lead to the final Chapt er IV, which described the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation of the paper.CHAPTER TWO2. LITERATURE brush up OF MOTIVATION2.1 want and Motivation TheoryThe term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning to move. Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation guess is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The broad rubric of motivation and motivation possibility is one of the most frequently canvass and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. in spite of the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single guess of motivation that is universally accepted. The la ck of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the divers(a) backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.2 Historical DevelopmentEarly explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and betimes twentieth century have suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in legitimate ways, depending upon the behavioural cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researche rs began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation.Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future dismantlets. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.3 Major content TheoriesContent (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, motivate) toward the satisfaction of individual ask. The conte nt theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their encompassd origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslows power structure of necessarily, Alderfers ERG theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory, and McClellands learned inescapably or three- involve theory. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that individual needs exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological needs, tribute measures needs, belongingness needs, regard as needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for food, water, and other factors necessary for survival. Security needs include needs for condom in ones physical environment, stability, and freedom from emotional distress. Belongingness needs relate to desires for friendship, love, and acceptance within a given up community of individuals. Esteem needs are those associated with obtaining the respect of ones self and others.Finally, self-actualization needs are those corresponding to the achievement ones own potential, the exercising and testing of ones creative capacities, and, in general, to neat the best person one can possibly be. Unsatisfied needs motivate behavior thus, lower- aim needs such as the physiological and security needs must be met onwards upper-level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization can be motivational. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).Applications of the hierarchy of needs to management and the workplace are obvious. According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of ones self and ones family, and job security before they will be motivated by deepen magnitude job responsibilities, statu s, and challenging work assignments. Despite the ease of application of this theory to a work setting, this theory has received little research support and therefore is not very useful in practice. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.3.2 Alderfers Erg Theory.The ERG theory is an extension of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Alderfer suggested that needs could be classified into three categories, rather than five. These three types of needs are existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs are similar to Maslows physiological and safety need categories. Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships and are comparable to aspects of Maslows belongingness and esteem needs. Growth needs are those related to the attainment of ones potential and are associated with Maslows esteem and self-actualization needs. 1.The ERG theory differs from the hierarchy of needs in that it does not suggest that lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before upper-level n eeds become motivational.ERG theory also suggests that if an individual is continually unable to meet upper-level needs that the person will regress and lower-level needs become the major determinants of their motivation. ERG theorys implications for managers are similar to those for the needs hierarchy managers should focus on meeting employees existence, relatedness, and growth needs, though without necessarily applying the proviso that, say, job-safety concerns necessarily take precedence over challenging and fulfilling job requirements. (http//wwww.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf).2.3.3 Motivator-Hygiene Theory.Frederick Herzberg developed the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory is closely related to Maslows hierarchy of needs but relates more specifically to how individuals are motivated in the workplace. Based on his research, Herzberg argued that meeting the lower-level needs (hygiene factors) of individuals would not motivate them to exert effort, but would only prevent them from being dissatisfied. Only if higher-level needs (motivators) were met would individuals be motivated. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by enriching them to increase employees autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain recognition, and develop their skills and careers.2.3.4 Mcclellands Learned Needs Theory.McClellands theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for connection (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and th e need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish loving relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control ones environment and influence others.The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is strong in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what story their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4 Major Process TheoriesProcess (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, dire cted, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes. The major process theories of motivation are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theory. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.1 Expectancy Theory.In the early 1960s, Victor Vroom applied concepts of behavioral research conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin and Edward Tolman directly to work motivation. Basically, Vroom suggested that individuals choose work behaviors that they imagine lead to outcomes they value. In deciding how much effort to put into a work behavior, individuals are belike to consider Their expectancy, meaning the degree to which they believe that move forth effort will lead to a given level of performance. Their instrumentality or the degree to which they believe that a given level of performance will result in certain outcomes or rewards. Their valence, which is the extent to which the expected outcomes are attractive or unattractive. All three of these factors are expected to influence motivation in a multiplicative fashion, so that for an individual to be highly motivated, all three of the components of the expectancy model must be high.And, if even one of these is zero (e.g., instrumentality and valence are high, but expectancy is completely absent), the person will have not motivation for the task. Thus, managers should attempt, to the extent possible, to ensure that their employees believe that increased effort will improve performance and that performance will lead to valued rewards. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). In the late 1960s, Porter and Lawler published an extension of the Vroom expectancy model, which is known as the Porter-Lawler expectancy model or simply the Porter-Lawler model.Although the basic p resumptuousness of the Porter-Lawler model is the same as for Vrooms model, the Porter-Lawler model is more complex in a number of ways. It suggests that increased effort does not automatically lead to improved performance because individuals may not possess the necessary abilities needed to achieve high levels of performance, or because they may have an inadequate or vague perception of how to perform necessary tasks. Without an understanding of how to direct effort effectively, individuals may exert considerable effort without a corresponding increase in performance. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.2 Equity Theory.Equity theory suggests that individuals engage in social equivalence by comparing their efforts and rewards with those of relevant others. The perception of individuals about the fairness of their rewards relative to others influences their level of motivation. Equity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is th e same for them as it is for others to whom they correspond themselves. Inequity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is different (usually disallowly so) for them than it is for others to whom they compare themselves. There are two types of inequityunder-reward and over-reward. Under-reward occurs when a person believes that she is either puts in more efforts than another, except receives the same reward, or puts in the same effort as another for a lesser reward. For instance, if an employee works longer hours than her coworker, yet they receive the same salary, the employee would perceive inequity in the form of under-reward.Conversely, with over-reward, a person will feel that his efforts to rewards ratio is higher than another persons, such that he is getting more for putting in the same effort, or getting the same reward even with less effort. While research suggests that under-reward motivates individuals to resolve the inequity, research al so indicates that the same is not true for over-reward. Individuals who are over-rewarded often engage in cognitive dissonance, convincing themselves that their efforts and rewards are equal to anothers. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to the equity theory, individuals are motivated to reduce comprehend inequity.Individuals may attempt to reduce inequity in various ways. A person may change his or her level of effort an employee who feels under-rewarded is likely to work less hard. A person may also try to change his or her rewards, such as by asking for a raise. Another plectrum is to change the behavior of the reference person, perhaps by encouraging that person to put forth more effort. Finally, a person experiencing inequity may change the reference person and compare him or herself to a different person to assess equity. For managers, equity theory emphasizes the importance of a reward system that is perceived as fair by employees. (http//www .csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.3 Goal-Setting Theory.The goal-setting theory posits that goals are the most important factors affecting the motivation and behavior of employees. This motivation theory was developed primarily by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of specific and challenging goals in achieving motivated behavior. Specific goals often involve quantitative targets for improvement in a behavior of interest. Research indicates that specific performance goals are much more effective than those in which a person is told to do your best. Challenging goals are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are comparatively easy to achieve. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Several factors may moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals an d high levels of motivation.The first of these factors is goal commitment, which simply means that the more dedicated the individual is to achieving the goal, the more they will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. Some research suggests that having employees participate in goal setting will increase their level of goal commitment. A second factor relevant to goal-setting theory is self-efficacy, which is the individuals belief that he or she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.4 Reinforcement Theory.This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of re inforces, which are outcomes resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior.Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punish is not likely to be repeated. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.5 People Motivation- Non financial NotesMost business recognizes the need for non- financial methods of motivation. The main ones are described briefly below.2.5.1 line of work ebullitionJob enlargement involves adding extra, similar tasks to a job. In job enlargement, the job itself remains essentiall y unchanged. However, by widening the range of tasks that need to be performed, hopefully the employees will experience less repetition and monotony. With job enlargement, the employees rarely need to acquire new skills to carry out the additional task. A possible negative effect is that job enlargement can be viewed by employees as a requirement to carry out more work for the same pay. (http// coach ).2.5.2 Job RotationJob rotation involves the parkway of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. For example, an administrative employee office worn-out(a) part of the week looking after the reception area of business, dealing with customers and enquires. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switch board and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Jo b rotation also often involves the need for extra training. (http//tutor ).2.5.3 Job enrichmentJob enrichment attempts to give employees greater responsibility by increasing the range and complexity of tasks they are asked to do and giving them the necessary authority. It motivates by giving employees the opportunity to use their abilities to the fullest. Successful job enrichment almost always requires further investment in employee training. (http//tutor ).2.5.4 Team Working and EmpowermentEmpowerment involves giving people greater control over their working lives. Organizing the labour force into team with degree of autonomy can achieve this. This means that employees plan their own work, take their own decision and solve their own problems. Teams are set targets to achieve and may receive and may receive rewards for doing so. Empowerment teams are an increasingly popular method of organizing employees at work. (http//tutor ).